Quotes
"HE WHO ANGERS YOU CONQUERS YOU"
-- ELIZABETH KENNY
"NONVIOLENCE IS THE FIRST ARTICLE OFMY FAITH AND IT IS THE LAST
ARTICLE OF MY CREED“
-- MAHATMA GANDHI
"YOU CANNOT SIMULTANEOUSLY PREVENT AND PREPARE FOR WAR“
-- EINSTEIN
“ANGER IS NEVER WITHOUT A REASON, BUT SELDOM WITH A GOOD ONE"
-- BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
"IF YOU ARE PATIENT IN ONE MOMENT OF ANGER, YOU WILL ESCAPE 100
DAYS OF SORROW“
--CHINESE PROVERB
Aggression/Violence --- Some Statistics
• OVER 20,000 HOMICIDES AND 90,000 FORCIBLE RAPES/YEAR
• OVER 1 MILLION CASES OF CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT PER YEAR
• IF MARRIED, 1/3 CHANCE OF HUSBAND OR WIFE WILL HIT YOU
• THE NUMBER OF WARS IN RECORDED HISTORY -- 14,531 OR 2.6
EVERY YEAR
Definition
AGGRESSION: BEHAVIOR AGAINST ANOTHER LIVING BEING
THAT IS INTENDED TO HARM OF INJURE.
Additional statistics (from the U.S. Department of Justice --- 2000)
Gender:
• Males are most often the victims and the perpetrators in homicides
• Males were 10 times more likely than females to commit murder
Race:
• Blacks were 6 times more likely to be homicide victims and 7 times
more likely than whites to commit homicides in 2000
Guns: For 1987-96, on average, 65% of homicides in the U.S.
involved firearms, compared to 32% for Canada
Juvenile homicides:
In 1999, about 1,800 juveniles (a rate of 3.0 per 100,000) were victims
of homicide in the United States. This rate is substantially higher than
that of any other developed country.
Columbine High School: 14
students and 1 teacher killed
Depressed Mother Kills Her Children
Jun. 21, 2001
(CBS) Andrea Yates of Houston, Texas, a mother suffering from postpartum
depression, went on a killing spree. The victims were none other than her own five
children, all between 7 years and 6 months old.
Los Angeles Dealing with Gang Murder Wave
11/22/2002
Los Angeles, Calif., may be on its way to earning the title of murder capital
of America as a result of a spasm of 14 homicides in the past five days, the
Washington Post reported Nov. 20.
Year
Homicide
rate
Year
Homicide
rate
Year
Homicide
rate
1950
4.6
1970
7.9
1990
9.4
1951
4.4
1971
8.6
1991
9.8
1952
4.6
1972
9.0
1992
9.3
1953
4.5
1973
9.4
1993
9.5
1954
4.2
1974
9.8
1994
9.0
1955
4.1
1975
9.6
1995
8.2
1956
4.1
1976
8.8
1996
7.4
1957
4.0
1977
8.8
1997
6.8
1958
4.8
1978
9.0
1998
6.3
1959
4.9
1979
9.7
1999
5.7
1960
5.1
1980
10.2
2000
5.5
1961
4.8
1981
9.8
1962
4.6
1982
9.1
1963
4.6
1983
8.3
1964
4.9
1984
7.9
1965
5.1
1985
7.9
1966
5.6
1986
8.6
1967
6.2
1987
8.3
1968
6.9
1988
8.4
1969
7.3
1989
8.7
What are some examples of violent
behavior?
What cultural factors influence the rate of
crime?
Men tend to favor the
death penalty more
than women; whites
are much more apt to
favor it than blacks;
those with higher
incomes are more
likely to support it
Some facts about the death penalty
• 178 black people have been executed for killing a white person; 12 white people
have been executed for killing a black person.
• The U.S. is one of only 6 countries in the world to sentence children to death.
• In 2002, 81 percent of all known executions took place in China, Iran and the USA
• 109 innocent men have been sentenced to death in the last 20 years.
• Between 1973-200, 17 juvenile offenders have been executed in the U.S.
On June 20, 2002 the Supreme Court issued a ruling, in Atkins v. Virginia, that it is
a violation of the Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel unusual punishment to execute
death row inmates with mental retardation
In 1989, the Court ruled in Penry v. Lynaugh ), in a 5-4 decision, that executing
persons with mental retardation was not a violation of the Eighth Amendment.
"Because the Illinois death penalty system is arbitrary and capricious - and
therefore immoral - I no longer shall tinker with the machinery of death"
Outgoing Illinois Gov. George Ryan Chicago, Jan. 11, 2003
Executions by State (partial list)
Texas 304
Virginia 88
Oklahoma 63
Missouri 60
Florida 56
Georgia 33
South Carolina 28
Alabama 27
Louisiana 27
Arkansas 24
North Carolina 23
Arizona 22
Delaware 13
Illinois 12
California 10
Indiana 10
Nevada 9
Ohio 7
Mississippi 6
Utah 6
Washington 4
Maryland 3
Nebraska 3
Pennsylvania 3
Total executions since 1976 = 855
Crime on Television
• WHAT TYPE OF CRIME MOST COMMON ON TV?
VIOLENT CRIME (HOMICIDE, ARMED ROBBERY, ASSAULT)
• INFORMATION PRESENTED ON WHY CRIME WAS COMMITTED?
DISPOSITIONAL REASONS FOR CRIME (E.G., PATHOLOGY, GREED)[CRIMINALS NOT MORE EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED]
LITTLE BACKGROUND INFO ON CRIMINAL (EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT
STATUS, FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS)
• DEPICTION OF POLICE
(ILLUSION OF CERTAINTY) PERCEPTION OF ARREST = GUILTY
SMALL % OF INNOCENT PEOPLE ARRESTED ON TV
• BEST PREDICTOR OF CRIME?
INCOME LEVELS BELOW THE POVERTY RATE
“HEAVY” VERSUS “LIGHT” TV VIEWERS
HEAVY VIEWERS:
A) DISPOSITIONAL ATTRIBUTIONS FOR CRIME (ABNORMALITY)
B) DISCOUNT SITUATIONAL FACTORS ($, UNEMPLOYMENT)
C) UNABLE TO IDENTIFY CONSTITUTIONAL VIOLATIONS BY POLICE
IMPLICATIONS?
A) VOTING
B) JURY SELECTION (IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORIES)
C) LAWYERS (PLEA BARGIN--HOW JURY WILL RESPOND)
D) CHILDREN
E) PRISON REFORM
Aggression Factors
• BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
• PHYSIOLOGY --- LIMBIC SYSTEM, HORMONES (TESTOSTERONE)
• PAIN – DISCOMFORT (E.G., HEAT, FRUSTRATION, STRESS)
• SOCIAL LEARNING --- MODELING (E.G., MEDIA INFLUENCE)
Temperature and Aggression
24
20
#
Riots
16
12
8
4
0
51-53
61-65
71-75
81-85
91-95
Temperature (Fahrenheit)
101-105
Temperature and Aggression (cont.)
Violent
Crime Ratio
40
35
30
25
20
15
40-57
69-72
78-80
85-88
Temperature (Fahrenheit)
93-95
Temperature and Aggression (cont.)
.6
HBP per
game
.5
.4
.3
< 70
70-79
80-89
90 and above
Temperature (Fahrenheit)
Alcohol and Aggression
Sober
Shock
intensity
Intoxicated
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
Low aggressors
High aggressors
Neutral film
Aggression Levels
Violent film
High
Medium
Low
Low aggressors
High aggressors
Catharsis -- Venting, Discharging, Expressing One’s Emotions
(e.g., hitting a punching bag, watching a violent movie or sport)
Venting one’s emotions by displacing aggression, watching an
aggressive film, or playing an aggressive video game can
increase the likelihood of behaving violently.
CHARACTERISTICS OF VIOLENT STIMULI
A) BEHAVIOR IS REWARDED
B) EXITING (EMOTIONALLY AROUSING)
C) REALISTIC
D) BEHAVIOR IS JUSTIFIED
E) BEHAVIOR IS NOT CRITISIZED
F) INTENT TO INJURE
Association Between Aggressive Behavior and:
• Media Violence (e.g., TV, Movies, Video Games)
• Sports (e.g., Boxing)
Modeling Explanation -•
•
Publicity Effect
Victim Similarity
(i.e., race of loser)
• War
War and Homicide Rates --- Pre and Post war rates
• Dose of war
• Labeling Issue
Children’s shows
Prime-time shows
80
70
60
% of
characters
50
40
30
20
10
0
Violent
characters
Victims of
violence
Perpetrators or
victims of violence
AGGRESSIVE CUES AND VIOLENCE
TV SHOW
NEUTRAL
VIOLENT (SWAT TEAM
AND USE OF WALKIETALKIE)
INTERVIEW BEFORE HOCKEY GAME
TAPE RECORDER
WALKIE-TALKIE
PLAYED IN HOCKEY GAME
• THOSE WHO WATCHED THE VIOLENT TV SHOW AND WERE
INTERVIEWED WITH A WALKIE-TALKIE (AGGRESSIVE CUE) BEHAVED
MORE AGGRESSIVELY
Violence Against Women --- Pornography
HOW WOULD YOU DEFINE PORNOGRAPHY? (ANY EXAMPLES?)
SUPREME COURT
• EXPLICIT SEX
•
COMMUNITY STANDARDS
• DOES NOT POSSESS REDEEMING SOCIAL VALUE
Goya, Francisco
The Nude Maja
1800
Oil on canvas
97 x 190 cm
Museo del Prado, Madrid
Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique
The Turkish Bath
1862
Oil on canvas on wood
Diameter 42 1/2" (108 cm)
Musee du Louvre, Paris
Antonio Allegri, known
as Correggio
1489?-1534
Venus, Satyr and Cupid
c. 1525
Nude in the Sunlight, 1876,
81x64,5cm.
Paris, Musee d'Orsay.
Jean-Jacques, known
as James Pradier
1790-1852
Satyr and Bacchante
Dated 1834
Marble
Michelangelo's statue of "David."
SOME STATISTICS
A) HOW OFTEN HAVE YOU: "USED STRONG PHYSICAL FORCE TO TRY TO
ENGAGE IN A SEX ACT AGAINST ANOTHER’S WILL", OR "USED
VIOLENCETO TRY TO ENGAGE IN A SEX ACT AGAINST ANOTHER’S
WILL"?
MALES = 12%
FEMALES = 2%
B) HOW LIKELY WOULD YOU RAPE A WOMEN IF YOU WERE ABSOLUTELY
SURE YOU WOULD NOT BE CAUGHT? (COLLEGE MEN)
35% SOME POSSIBILITY (MALAMUTH, 1981)
C) 15% COLLEGE MEN REPORTED HAVING FORCED INTERCOURSE ONCE
OR TWICE (RAPAPORT & BURKHART, 1984)
Violence Against Women --- Pornography
Greek definition – “writing about prostitutes”
Definition:
EROTIC MATERIAL THAT COMBINES ELEMENTS OF
SEXUALITY AND AGGRESSION, AND IN WHICH FORCE OR COERSION IS
USED TO ACCOMPLISH THE SEXUAL ACT
Film Type:
• Sexually explicit (e.g., X-rated)
• Violence (e.g., murder, assault)
• “Teen sex” films
• Neutral
Effects on:
Aggressive behavior and attitudes towards women (e.g., mock rape trial)
PARTICIPANTS VIEWED 1 FILM PER DAY FOR FIVE DAYS, THEN SERVED
AS JURORS IN A MOCK RAPE TRIAL
RESULTS:
ATTITUDES – FEMALES AS:
A)
B)
C)
D)
MORE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ATTACK
PUTTING FORTH LESS RESISTANCE
BEING INJURED LESS SEVERELY
LESS SYMPATHETIC
REACTIONS TO FILMS:
A)
B)
C)
D)
LESS OFFENSIVE
LESS VIOLENT
GREATER ENJOYMENT
LESS ANXIETY
Desensitization