Unit 12 – Sinews of Democracy, 1876-1896
I. Life after Reconstruction
A. When did Reconstruction end?
- 1877 after the election of President Hayes
B. What issues?
- The West and Reform
- Big Business and Reform
- Political Corruption and Reform
- Growth of Large Cities and Reform
II. President Hayes (His Fraudulency)
A. What were the actions of Hayes as President?
1.
Pulled US troops out of South Carolina and demilitarized the South
2.
Made an Executive Order to stop elected politicians from taking part in the
management of political organizations in the hopes of limiting and narrowing
patronage and the spoils system within political parties.
3.
Vetoed the Bland Allison Act of 1878 but Congress over rid his veto. The Bland Allison
Act would allow the US Government to mint a minimum of 4 million in silver per
month on a 16 to 1 ratio of silver to gold. Hayes wanted to remain on the gold
standard and did not want inflation nor subsidize silver at taxpayers’ expense.
4.
Sent US troops to protect US property in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. Hayes did
not interfere in the negotiations but felt he needed to protect America property as
bloodshed erupted from Baltimore to Pittsburg, and in Ohio and New York.
5.
Vetoed a Chinese labor restriction bill which angered many laborers
B. How to summarize Hayes?
- The residue effect of the controversy over the election of 1876 greatly limited him but he
did attain respect and did make an impact much more than anyone thought. The main thing
people were thankful for in Hayes was that he avoided GRANTISMS.
III. Controlling the SPOILS BEAST
A. What was the Spoils System?
B. What happened within the Republican Party as a result of the Spoils System?
- Two factions within the Republican Party emerged. The Stalwarts led by Roscoe “Boss”
Conkling, a New York Senator, wanted to elect Grant for a 3rd term in the election of 1880 to
get spoils. The Half Breeds led by James Blaine seeking reform of spoils but likely reform was
all talk based on previous actions of Blaine and the Half Breeds.
C. What happened in the Presidential election of 1880?
- The Republicans nominated compromise candidate Garfield, a dark horse candidate, to
appease Stalwarts and Half Breeds while the Democrats nominated Hancock. Garfield won
easily in the Electoral College vote. Garfield appointed Arthur, a STALWART, as his Vice
President and appointed Blaine, a HALF BREED, as his Sec. of State.
D. What happened to Garfield?
- Garfield refused to let Conkling, a Stalwart, dictate to him who should get spoils. A
disgruntled Stalwart seeking a spoils job named Charles Guiteau shot Garfield and after he
shot the President he said, “I am Stalwart and Arthur is President now.” The Stalwarts were
blamed for creating an environment that produced a Guiteau.
E. What were the actions of Arthur as President?
1.
Surprising character as he vetoed “pork barrel” projects and prosecuted fraud
2.
Supported the Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883 which forced 10% of civil service
workers to take a test and the job would be given to the highest scorer. Arthur
viewed patronage or spoils as legitimate as long as it was done legally.
3.
Reduced the tariff in 1883
4.
Supported the Chinese Exclusion Act 1883 which forbid Chinese immigrants into US
5.
Did not seek another term because of Bright’s disease
IV. Material Abundance, Social “Reform”
A. What was the growth pace of industrial production and business enterprise after the Civil War?
- Rapid acceleration which brought new stresses as America gradually transformed from
farming to industry.
B. What two groups emerged in this time period calling for REFORM?
1.
Intellectual Reformers
2.
Agrarian Reformers
(They had little in common but both saw the US Government as the solution. The US Govt. could
be a moral evangelist and a playground monitor at the same time so they allied together more
and more.)
C. What did the Reformers focus on?
1.
Regulation of big business (the hated trusts)
2.
Vices of the big cities especially in immigrant areas
3.
Public safety stressing prevention of fire and disease
D. What did the Reformers use within democracy to achieve some of their reforms?
- Initiatives = people can propose laws
- Referendums = people can vote on laws
- Recalls = people can vote to remove politicians and judges
(America was dramatically transforming after the Civil War. Cities were greatly increasing, immigration
was skyrocketing, farmer movements were growing, big business and industry were rapidly accelerating,
labor and unions were increasing, and reformers were growing. These along with the west and the
beginning and ending of Reconstruction created a turbulent time period after the Civil War, post
Antebellum.)
V. Titans of Industry
A. Who were the rich industrial Titans, the so called Robber Barons?
1.
Andrew Carnegie (born in 1835) = steel (pgs 429-32)
2.
John D. Rockefeller (born in 1839) = oil
(pgs 432-33)
3.
J.P. Morgan (born in 1837) = banking (pgs 433-34)
4.
Other Titans of Industry: (pgs 434-35)
- James Duke = tobacco
- Heinz = pickles, etc…
- Pillsbury = flour
- Campbell = soup
- Swift = meat packing
- Fiske
- Gould
- Vanderbilt = steamboats and railroads
B. What was America’s status as an industrial power?
- surpassed both Britain and France in production, proficiency, and innovation
VI. Greed and Jealousy in the Gilded Age
A. Was there a great disparity of wealth between the lower and middle classes with the upper class?
(pgs 435-36)
B. What two groups had their frustrations and jealousy boiling over?
- Farmers and Laborers
C. Were there complaints legitimate according to historical statistics?
- Look at some figures on page 437
- No matter what the stats supported the perceptions of farmers and laborers of the time
was that the rich were getting richer and something needed to be done. Their perception of
reality shaped their worldview.
D. Who were some social critics addressing the inequities and calling for reform?
1.
Henry George 1879 = Progress and Poverty, coined term unearned income to
describe profits from land. He called for a 100% tax on land sales to erase the
inequalities.
2.
Edward Bellamy 1888 = Looking Backward, romanticized about a man who fell asleep
in 1887 and woke up a 100 years later to a socialist utopia. Government would have
control of resources and their distribution.
3.
Henry Lloyd 1894 = Wealth Against the Commonwealth, claimed that large business
consolidations (trusts) constituted an anti-democratic force that should be smashed
by the Federal Government.
4.
Frank Baum = The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, (a children’s book) embraced the themes
of downtrodden labor and insufficient money supply.
5.
Thorstein Veblen 1899 = Theory of the Leisure Class, claimed that the rich had a
compulsion toward “conspicuous consumption” or the need to consume to rub it in.
E. How did others view the inequalities?
- Many concluded that at every class level there were inequalities with someone having
more or less than someone else which was the nature of America and capitalism. Envy was
normal and many saw the riches of others as evidence than anything was possible in
America.
- Regardless of what was or what was thought by others the farmers and laborers of the
times from their perceived reality felt alienated and searched for new forms of expression.
F. How did farmers, laborers, and critics of capitalism attack big business?
1.
the practice of REBATES (discounts) given to frequent customers by railroads which
led at times for some to be charged more for a shorter haul than another was
charged for a longer haul. Example = Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company.
2.
The practice of TRUSTS where numerous companies in an industry would combine
into one big company to reduce competition and create monopoly status in some
cases.
3.
The practice of VERTICAL INTEGRATION where a company would seek to control all
phases of an industry from mining to manufacturing to marketing to sales. Example =
Carnegie controlled approx. 25% of the steel industry.
4.
The practice of HORIZONATAL INTEGRATION where a company would seek to
control one phase of an industry. Example = Rockefeller controlled approx. 90% of all
the oil refineries.
5.
The practice of CUTTING PRICES to drive out competitors. Ida Tarbell in her book,
History of the Standard Oil Company, criticized Rockefeller (Wreckafeller) for such.
6.
The practice of POOLS to drive out competitors where by companies would collude
to set prices low to control an entire market in the effort to force out competitors.
7.
The practice of INTERLOCKING DIRECTORIES where one company would place their
officers on the boards of other companies to control them. Example = J.P. Morgan
8.
The practice of STOCKWATERING where by a company would inflate their assets just
before selling it to another company or person to attain a price for more than what
the company was worth.
9.
The practice of BRIBERY and BULLYING of government officials. Common complaint
was that the government at all levels was on the side of big business. Critics cited the
subsidies given to Railroads as proof. Authors such as:
- R. Norris in his book, the Octopus, depicted big business extending itself into
all facets of American life in effect controlling America
- D. Phillips in his book, Treason of the Senate, depicted big business as
controlling the US Government
G. What did the US Government do to control Big Business?
1.
Windom Committee 1874 concluded that the US Govt. should build its own RR’s to
compete with private RR’s to keep prices down. (never done)
2.
Cullow Committee 1886 concluded that RR’s were guilty of pools and creating trusts
in restraint of trade and that immediate regulation was needed.
3.
Interstate Commerce Act 1887 became the 1st red letter law where the US Govt.
created a law to protect the public by regulating business. The Act stated there
should not be discrimination in hauling prices, there should not be pools or trusts
created in restraint of trade, and there would be a Interstate Commerce Commission
to investigate wrongdoings. It was beginning but was a toothless act and actually
used by Companies more to protect themselves under the 14 th Amendment and to
limit Unions.
4.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 was another red letter law which outlawed trusts and
monopolies that were restraining trade. It was hard to enforce because of the
ambiguity of what was in restraint of trade and what was not. Also, it had no
guidelines to determine between good or bad trusts. It too was toothless but again it
was a step to curtail big business but also again was used by big business to protect
themselves and limit unions
H. Who defended big business and capitalism and how?
1.
W.G. Sumner in his book, What the Classes Owe to Each Other, read pages 445-46
2.
Herbert Spencer in his creation of SOCIAL DARWINISM where he applied Darwin’s
natural selection and survival of the fittest in nature to society.
3.
GOSPEL of WEALTH belief where by God has given wealth to some because they
deserve it and can handle the responsibility of wealth while others could not.
Carnegie and Rockefeller gave millions and millions of fortunes away to charity,
community and universities.
4.
Reverend Conwell in his sermon, ACRES of DIAMONDS, read handout
5.
Adam Smith in his book, WEALTH of NATIONS
6.
Horatio Alger in his rags to riches stories of Americans who practiced honesty,
integrity, and perseverance.
7.
A large segment of the American people supported it as farmers and industrial
laborers made up a small percentage of the overall population.
VII. “Your Masters Sent Out Their Bloodhounds” (laborers and unions)
A. What was the status of Unions in America?
- Unions were declared to be illegal conspiracies up until 1842 when the Massachusetts
Supreme Court ruled that unions were legal in the Commonwealth v. Hunt case. After the
case however states continued to deem unions illegal. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
was then used to stop unions despite the act being created to bust up trusts and monopolies
B. What the percentage of laborers who joined unions by 1900 and why was it so low?
- 3%, satisfaction with high wages, employer resistance, unfamiliarity with mass movements,
and pride in individual independence but discontent still existed over wages ($) and hours
which did lead to interest in labor organizations as time moved forward.
C. How did Employers (the owners) dissuade laborers from joining unions?
- Yellow Dog Contracts = a contract that workers would sign saying they would not join a
union
- Blacklisted = name put on a do not hire list if you joined a Union
- Immigrant scabs = hired immigrants to take the place of workers who went on strike
- Company Unions = established Unions that were controlled by the Company to give
appearance of a workers union
- Government = persuaded government to anti-union
- Propaganda = used to make labor unions look like socialistic anti American organizations
D. What were some of the major labor unions?
1.
National Labor Union 1866 = the 1st national union that had skilled and unskilled
members. The leader was W. Sylvis and it had moderate success achieving 8 hour
workdays for government employees but failed after 6 years mainly because it was
too political involved in the Greenback Labor Party.
2.
Knights of Labor Union 1869 = a national union with the theme of “one big union”
with skilled and unskilled workers, farmers, blacks but no Chinese. The leader was T.
Powderly and they were a somewhat secret group because of the legal status of
unions and the bad perception many people had on unions. By 1886 it had 700,000
as members with success in a few RR strikes. In 1886 however it began to decline as a
result of the Haymarket Square Riot in Chicago in 1886. The violence of the Union did
not help it but the major reason for its failure was its base was too broad with skilled
and unskilled workers and farmers.
3.
American Federation of Labor (AFL) 1886 = a national union with only skilled workers
as members. The leader was Samuel Gompers who focused on pragmatics and was
not a socialist who steered away from violence and politics. It focused mainly on
wages and hours. It was very disciplined and used strikes, pickets, and boycotts
infrequently and as a last resort because they hurt the laborers and union not just
the employer. It started the closed shop where a company could only hire union
members and it expanded its membership by allowing new skilled industries to join.
E. What were some of the major strikes by unions?
1.
Great Railroad Strike, 1877 = the four largest RR Companies including the B&O RR cut
wages by 10% and raised rent at the same time. Workers went on strike and
bloodshed erupted between strikers and strike breakers and state militia from
Baltimore to Pittsburgh, and in Ohio and NY. Hayes sent in troops to protect US
property but otherwise instructed the troops not to interfere. The violence subsided
in midsummer 1877.
2.
Homestead Steel Strike, 1892 = Carnegie’s steel workers while he was away in Europe
went on strike. His President Henry Frick tried to sneak in the Pinkertons to reopen
the factory and break the strike. Bloodshed erupted and after many deaths and many
months the factory re-opened with the help of US Govt. troops.
3.
Pullman Palace Car Strike, 1894 = the American Railway Union led by Eugene Debs
went on strike because wages were cut. The US Govt. issued an injunction which was
a government order to stop the strike because the strike was restraining trade by not
allowing the US Post Office to distribute mail. Debs continued the strike and was put
in jail where he became an ardent socialist. Governor Altgeld told President
Cleveland there was not a major problem but Cleveland sent US troops to stop the
strike.
VIII. Raising Less Corn, and More Hell
A. What was the status of farmers?
(pgs. 440-443)
B. What were the major farming organizations? (see Unit 11 notes)
1.
The Grange and the Munn v. Illinois case
2.
The Farmers Alliance
- Mary Lend Lease = “Raise less corn and more hell”
- Jerry “sockless” Simpson
- Charles Macune = President who advocated for government loans supported
by the issuing of greenbacks thus creating inflation.
- William “Coin” Harvey = conspiracy of world bankers
- Ben “pitchfork” Tillman
- 44 Congressmen and 4 Governors
3.
The Populists merger
C. What did farmers see as the means to achieving success for themselves?
- Farmers saw cheap money in the form of silver or greenbacks as the solution to their
problems and many pamphlets, books, and speeches drilled this into farmers’ thoughts.
Deflation in the late 19th Century did set in and prices were decreasing which made them all
the more seek cheap money?
D. How did the farmers seek cheap money?
- Called Govt. refusal to coin silver the Crime of 73 and demand for the 16 to 1 ratio of silver
to gold
- Attacked the Resumption Act of 1875 and the Resumption Day of 1879
- Supported the Bland-Allison Act of 1879 but still wanted more silver coined
E. What was the coining of silver doing to the US economy?
- Causing inflation and reducing the amount of US gold in reserve
- When Cleveland became President federal mints had coined 215 million silver dollars with
$50 million put into circulation and the rest stored in US vaults.
- The farmers believed inflation through the coining of silver would cause prosperity. They
wanted bimetallism. Do you prefer bimetallism or the gold standard and do you believe
bimetallism would cause prosperity?
F. What was the position of Cleveland on silver?
- He did not believe in the coining of silver and was a gold supporter (a gold bug) and in his
first term as president from 1885-1889 he and the other gold bugs kept silver issue stalled
IX. Shame of the Cities
A. How were cities growing?
- by 1900 4 in 10 Americans lived in cities and by 1920 more than half would live in cities
- by 1890 3 cities were over one million in population = NY, Chicago, Philadelphia
B. What was the appeal of the cities?
- jobs, wages, and opportunity
- technology = electricity, plumbing, telephones, skyscrapers by Louis Sullivan, elevators by
Elisha Otis, electric trolleys, bridges like the Brooklyn Bridge 1883 by John Roebling
- Department Stores like Macy’s and Marshall Fields and mail order stores like Sears and
Montgomery Ward
C. What was the condition of the cities and what were common problems in the cities?
- poor sanitation
- disease
- fires
- crime and vices
- slums = dumbbell tenements
- low wages and long hours in factories
- political corruption like Boss Tweed in New York
D. Who moved to the cities?
- rural Americans seeking opportunity
- immigrants seeking opportunity and freedom
E. Where did immigrants come from?
1.
OLD IMMIGRANTS 1840-1880 approx. mainly from Northern and Western Europe
(Irish, Scottish, Germans, Scandinavians) who were largely protestant, literate,
knowledgeable of democracy/republicanism, and who assimilated quickly with many
become western farmers.
2.
NEW IMMIGRANTS 1880-1920 approx. mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe
(Italian, Polish, Russian, Croatians, Greeks who were largely not protestant but from
Orthodox churches, illiterate, poor, not knowledgeable of democracy/republicanism,
and who did not assimilate quickly with many becoming factory workers.
3.
Birds of Passage = immigrants who would work for a short time and then return to
their homeland country with the money they had earned.
F. Where did many new immigrants arrive in America?
- Ellis Island which was a holding and checking area
G. What were common problems of the new immigrants?
- lack of money, joblessness, homelessness, crime ,assimilation, and prejudice
H. How was prejudice manifested against new immigrants in America?
1.
Remember Nativists of 1830’s to 1850’s with NINA and the Know Nothing Party
against the Old Immigrants
2.
New Nativists of 1880’s against new immigrants. These new nativists saw the new
immigrants as competition for their jobs. They also saw them as dangerous as they
brought new political ideologies to America like socialism, communism, and
anarchism who could potentially take over politics in areas with solidarity voting.
They viewed them as a lower status of people that would intermingle with native
Americans and mongrelize the American race with the result being a Frankenstein
like monster race. Reverend Josiah Strong spoke often of the horrible conditions of
cities and its vices and he largely attributed the condition of cities to the rapid rise of
new immigrants. The American Protection Agency (APA) was created to restrict rights
of new immigrants and to restrict their immigration into America. Laws began to be
passed restricting immigration into America. In 1882 no beggars or criminals were
allowed, in 1885 no cheap contracted laborers were allowed, and later no
polygamists, prostitutes, diseased, insane, alcoholics, anarchists were allowed i. The
Chinese were excluded in 1883 and some immigrants had to pass literacy tests.
I. Who provided help for these new immigrants?
1.
Not the federal government with the prevailing Laissez Faire mindset of giving no
direct aid to people. Capitalism was their opportunity where they had the
opportunity to think for themselves and live by their own decisions.
2.
Political Bosses of cities who would provide food and shelter for their votes
3.
New churches like the Salvation Army and new organizations like the YMCA
4.
SOCIAL GOSPEL proponents who sought to apply true Christianity to the cities and
believed the US Government could act as the source of help and support and
guidance. They believed that through proper guidance humans can be made
perfectible and that the only environment and roles cast onto people by society
prevented humans from obtaining that perfect state. They stressed and sought
egalitarianism, equality and socialism societies for America. These were intellectual
reformers who laid the foundations of PROGRESSIVISM.
- Jane Addams and her HULL HOUSES where she taught English and helped
new immigrants assimilate and provided day care and cultural activities.
Many middle class women helped like Florence Kelley and Lillian Ward.
- Protestant Preachers like Baptist Rev. W. Rauschenbusch and Methodist
Rev. W. Gladden
- Lincoln Steffans in his book, Shame of the Cities,
- Henry Demarest Lloyd in a series of Atlantic Monthly articles
- Jacob Riis in his book, How the Other Half Lives
- Ida Tarbell in her book, History of the Standard Oil Company
- Henry George in his book, Progress and Poverty
- Edward Bellamy in his book, Looking Backward
- Jack London famous for his book, Call to the Wild
- Theodore Drieser in his book, Sister Carrie
- Stephen Crane in his book, Maggie
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman in her book, Women and Economics
X. Grover Cleveland, Presidential Giant
A. How did Cleveland (Democrat) see his role as President?
- Guardian of people’s rights and the Constitution
B. Who did he defeat in the election of 1884?
- Blaine (Republican) whose slogan attacking supporters of Cleveland as loving Rebellion,
Rum, and Romanism hurt him in the Irish vote, and also Blaine’s link to the Mulligan Letters
which involved a railroad scandal in the west hurt him. Blaine’s tactics of mudslinging did not
work either. Blaine found out that Cleveland had an affair and possibly fathered a child out
of wedlock and came up with the slogan, “Mama where’s Pa,” but Cleveland came forward
and said yes I did and helped support the child.
C. What did Cleveland do as President?
- Supported Dawes Severalty Act
- Supported Gold Standard of money
- Supported the Pendleton Civil Service Act to reduce the spoils system in politics
- Supported Laissez Faire government and small government but did see the Interstate
Commerce Act pass during his term
- Vetoed numerous bills to
- Reduced the Tariff
- Reduced Civil War pensions and corrected the abuse of those pensions which greatly upset
the GAR (Grand Army of the Republic)
D. Why did Cleveland lose the election of 1888?
- He lost to Benjamin Harrison (Repubican). Cleveland won the popular vote but lost the
Electoral College vote. The Sackville West Letters which tied Cleveland to support of Britain
hurt him with the Irish. His attack on the GAR and TARIFFS also hurt his re-election in 1888
E. What did Harrison do as President?
- Supported increase in tariffs in the McKinley Tariff (48%)
- Supported the Pension Act of 1890 which gave millions to the GAR
- Supported the inflationary Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
- Supported the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
- Supported Naval Act of 1890 to rebuild the fledging US NAVY
G. How did Cleveland defeat Harrison in the election of 1892?
- A sour economy along with labor strikes and violence, and a push for more silver coinage
even after the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, and the McKinley Tariff
- The Populist nominee James Weaver with the Omaha Platform who received 1 million
votes also greatly help Cleveland get re-elected.
H. What did Cleveland do as President in his 2nd term?
- Vetoed the SEED CORN ACT which would have given millions of dollars in loans to
Mid western farmers to buy seed. He viewed the act as unconstitutional.
- Despite efforts to restrict big government he saw the Pendleton Act actually increase the
number of government jobs.
- Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1894 as the US gold reserve was depleting. He
continued to support the gold standard which antagonized many
- Endured the Panic of 1893, the worst depression in US up to that point.
- Stopped Coxey’s Army march on Washington DC as they wanted the government to give
them jobs or temporary relief in the Depression
- Sent in US troops and supported an injunction to stop the American Railway Union led by
Eugene Debs from continuing the Pullman Palace Car strikes of 1894
- Supported the reduction of the tariff in the Wilson-Gorman Tariff (41.3%) and was furious it
he was not lowered much more. He was also unhappy with a 2% income tax that was
included in the tariff but later repealed by the US Supreme Court a year later. He again was
upset when the tariff was raised again in the Dingley Tariff of 1896 to 46%.
- Accepted J.P. Morgan’s transaction to buy 3.5 billion ounces of gold for $65 million dollars
in long term US bonds which saved the US Government from defaulting on its loans which
would have triggered a nationwide panic and bankrupted the US Govt. Cleveland and
Morgan were greatly criticized for the action.
I. Did Cleveland have a chance for a 3rd term?
- His policy of gold over silver and the economy became unpopular and the Populists and
Democrats merged into a party that supported silver. The silver candidate was W.J. Bryan
who became famous with his cross of gold speech where he said gold was the reason
America and the economy was hurting. Cleveland was the last Democrat to call for small
government.
XI. Itching Toward a Modern America
- pages 455-56
Chapter 12 Study Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
How did Hayes address civil service reform and what was the reaction? 423
Evaluate Hayes as President. 423-24
How did Garfield get the republican nomination and who shot him and why? 425
Evaluate Arthur as President 426
What two groups emerged in the late 19th Century for reform? 427
What were the two serious enemies of safe cities and why? 427-29
How did Carnegie rise from rags to riches? Assess his decisions and his business practices. 429-31
How did Carnegie view unions and what strike occurred while he was away and who was Frick? 431
How did Rockefeller rise to riches? Assess his decisions and his business practices. 432-33
How did J.P. Morgan rise to riches? Assess his decisions and his business practices. 433-34
What did Carnegie, Rockfeller, and Morgan do with much of their wealth as they aged? 431-34
Identify other entrepreneurs that acquired riches and identify their products. 434-35
America was the land of rags to riches. ATVOTS. 435-36
Identify reasons for the failings of farmers and assess the impact of the Homestead Act. 436-37
Identify and assess the complaints of industrial laborers. 437
Identify writers who criticized the rich, big business, and capitalism and explain reasons for their
criticisms. 437-38
Why did Unions in the late 19th Century only have a membership of 3% of industrial workers? 438
Describe the Knights of Labor, identify their leader, and discuss their problems. 438-39
Describe the AFL, identify their leader, and discuss their tactics. 439-40
Summarize the farmer movements. 440-41
Assess the logic of the farmers desire for more silver coinage in the US currency. 442
In your opinion did Reverend Josiah Strong underestimate the vices of the cities and of immigrants?
443-44
Summarize the writings of W.G. Sumner. 445-46
What was the GAR and what was Cleveland’s position on the GAR and on pensions? 448-49
What were trusts used by that of Rockefeller? 451-52
Evaluate the effectiveness of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890? 452
What is vertical integration? 452
What was Gresham’s Law? 453
What did Harrison do with the US NAVY? 453
What was the Seed Corn Act and why did Cleveland veto and do you agree with his veto? Explain
454
What did Cleveland and JP Morgan agree to during the Panic of 1893 and do you agree with it?
Explain 454-55
What was the significance of William Jennings Bryan? 455
How did America change from 1876 to 1896? 455-56