31
Biochemistry
9/18/2014
Starter: Based on the
word, what do you
think Biochemistry
means??
Practice: Video
Application: Notes with
review
Biochemistry
32
9/18/13
9/18/2014
Connection/Exit:
1.What are the major
biomolecules made and used
by living organisms?
2.What is the structure of
1 carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids?
3.What is the function of
carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids?
Date
9/17
9/18
Table of Contents
Lecture/ Activity/ Lab
Biochemistry Vocabulary
Biochemistry notes
Page
29-30
31-32
Agenda
1.
Starter
2. Practice
3. Activity
Introduction
All compounds can be classified in 2
broad categories:
1)Organic compounds- Contain carbon,
oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
2) Inorganic compounds- Can have one
or the other, but do not contain both
carbon and hydrogen atoms
Most of your body’s molecules are organic
compounds.
Macromolecules are built from
small organic compounds the
same way a railroad train is
built, by linking a lot of
smaller units together into
long chains.
i. Large carbon compounds are built up
from smaller simpler molecules called
monomers (mono = one )
ii. Monomers can bind to one another to
form complex molecules known as
polymers (poly = many)
iii. A polymer consists of repeated,
linked units, which can also bind forming
large polymers called Macromolecules.
(macro = large )
Monomers link to form polymers through a
chemical reaction called condensation
reaction or dehydration synthesis. During
the formation of polymers, Water (H2O),
is released or is by-product of the
reaction.
Animation of Condensation
http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=6
The breakdown of some complex molecules, such as
polymers, occurs through a process known as
hydrolysis.
Hydrolysis is the reverse of a condensation
reaction. The addition of water, to some
polymers can break the bonds that hold them
together.
Animation showing Hydrolysis
http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=7&debug=0
There are four main types of
macromolecules found in living organisms:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
i. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms in the proportion of 1 : 2 : 1
1.General formula: (CH2O)n where n is the
number of carbon atoms.
a.Example: The sugar glucose is a small
carbohydrate; its n equals 6. Therefore
its chemical formula is C6H12O6.
The building blocks (or monomers) of
carbohydrates are monosaccharides.
i.Monosaccharides are simple sugars
(saccharide = sugar). Examples:
1.Glucose: commonly found in blood of animals
2.Galactose: a simple sugar found in milk
3.Fructose: commonly found in fruit
a.Glucose and Fructose both have the
formula C6H12O6, Sometimes compounds
may have the same formula, however
they have different structures/
arrangements. In such cases, those
compounds are called isomers.
Monosaccharide Example
i.Disaccharides contain 2
monosaccharides joined by
dehydration synthesis. Examples:
ii.
1.Lactose: commonly found in
milk, made up of Galactose +
Glucose
2. Sucrose: “table sugar”,
transported in plants, made
up of Fructose + Glucose
Disaccharide Example
i.Polysaccharides are carbohydrates
formed from linking individual
sugars into long chains. Examples:
1.Starch: a common storage form
of glucose in plants (breads,
pasta, potatoes)
2.Cellulose: a polysaccharide
contained in the cell walls of
plants; gives strength and
rigidity to plant cells.
3.Glycogen: a common storage
form of glucose in animals
(stored in the muscles and liver
to be used as quick energy)
Polysaccharide Example
Carbohydrates
 Function:
Energy
Structural support
Cell wall
Cell membrane marker
Lipids
I. (include fats, oils, waxes, etc.)
i. Class of macromolecules that do not dissolve in
water
ii.Lipids usually serve one of three functions:
1.Energy storage
2.structural support in cell membranes
(phospholipids)
3.serve as reactants ( starting materials) for
metabolic reactions
iii.Fatty acids are the building blocks (or
monomers) that make up most lipids.
iv.Fatty acids are classified as either saturated or
unsaturated.
Lipids
The classification depends on the proportion of hydrogen
atoms to carbon - carbon bonds in the molecule:
i.Saturated fatty acids have the maximum
number of bonds possible, they are full.
1.Saturated fats are usually solid at
room temperature, and most come
from animal products.
ii.Unsaturated fatty acids have double
bond(s) in the carbon chain and are not
full.
1.Most unsaturated fats are liquid at
room temperature, and are usually
referred to as oils.
Lipids
Saturated animal fats are associated
with circulatory disorders; plant oils can
be substituted for animal fats in the
diet.
I. A common lipid that contains
fatty acids is a triglyceride.
Triglycerides (referred to as
neutral fats) are glycerol linked to
three fatty acids (in the shape of an
“E”) by condensation reaction.
Triglyceride Example
I.
Proteins
i. Proteins are organic compounds
composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen,
and nitrogen atoms.
ii.Proteins are the construction materials
for body parts such as hair, skin, nails,
and blood.
iii.Amino acids are the building blocks (or
monomers) that make up most proteins
1.There are 20 different kinds of
amino acids that humans use.
iv.One important group of proteins enzymes - help control chemical
reactions by acting as catalysts.
Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering
activation energy.
Amino Acid
Proteins

Function:
 Lots of functions!
 Enzymes (speed rate of chemical reactions)
 Structural components in cells
 Mechanical functions in muscles and
cytoskeleton (internal cell framework)
 Cell signaling
 Immune response
Nucleic Acids
○ Nucleic Acids are complex
organic molecules that store
genetic information in the cell.
○ Nucleotides are the building
blocks (or monomers) that
make up most nucleic acids.
 Nucleotides consist of a
sugar (pentose) + base
(nitrogenous) + phosphate.

Example- DNA nucleotide:
Nucleic Acids
I.Three main types of nucleic acids
i.DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
1.Is the genetic information inside
the nucleus of cells
ii.RNA = Ribonucleic acid
1.Instructions which code for
protein synthesis
iii.ATP = Adenosine triphosphate =
has a slightly different structure
than DNA and RNA. It contains a
base + sugar + three phosphates
a. ATP is used as energy for the cell
247
Biochemistry
5/5/2014
Starter: Based on the
word, what do you
think Biochemistry
means??
Practice: Video
Application: Notes with
review
Biochemistry
248
9/18/13
5/5/2014
Connection/Exit:
1.What are the major
biomolecules made and used
by living organisms?
2.What is the structure of
1 carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids?
3.What is the function of
carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids?