AP US HISTORY REVIEW
PART III: US 1
COLONIAL AMERICA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Why were there significant regional distinctions in the development of the 13 colonies?
How did mercantilism and other economic factors lead to the French and Indian War?
What might have resulted if Native American tribes had united to oppose the European settlers?
What indications do we see of an impending conflict between the North, South, and West?
How did independent colonies manage to unite in times of war?
What hints emerge that an American character and country is developing during the colonial era?
A. Discovery
1. Columbus, Leif Erikson
B. Early Settlements
1. Roanoke Island, Jamestown, and Plymouth colonies
2. Key Figures: John Smith, John Rolfe, Pocahontas, William Bradford, John Wintrop, Squanto
C. Key Events
1. Starving Time, Thanksgiving, Pequot War, King Philip's War, Salem Witch Trials, Bacon's
Rebellion
D. Democratic Practices
1. Mayflower Compact, Frame of Government, House of Burgesses, Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut, Albany Plan of Union
E. Colonial Lifestyles
1. Theocracy, Puritanism, Quakers, Catholics, Indentured servants, slavery, Occupations
F. International and Intra-national Relations
1. Colonial France, New Spain, Native Americans, Mercantilism, Triangle Trade
G. Brief overview of the development of the 13 original colonies
REVOLUTIONARY ERA
1. How did the British victory during the French and Indian War? (and resulting debt) lead to conflict between
Mother England and her American colonies?
2. On what basis did American colonists protest British imperial and tax policies?
3. What is the difference between actual and virtual representation theories of government?
4. What are the component parts and political philosophy as found in the Declaration of Independence?
5. What factors account for the American victory in the Revolution?
6. What terms secured American independence by treaty in 1783?
7. Was the Revolution fought to promote the principle of equality espoused in the Declaration of Independence?
A. Long-term and Short-term causes of the French & Indian War
1. Previous wars and conflicts with France and Spain (King William’s War, etc)
2. Treaty of Paris 1763
3. Consequences of the war politically and economically
4. Breakdown of Salutary Neglect
5. Proclamation Line of 1763
B. Consequences of the French & Indian War:
1. --England’s doubled land holdings
2. --England’s Economic Debt
3. --Pontiac’s Rebellion
C. British Taxation and Colonial Responses:
1. --Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Townshend Acts, Tea Act, Coercive
Acts
D. Colonial Response
1. --House of Burgesses Resolutions, Stamp Act Congress, Economic boycott, violent protest
E. Colonial Figures and Organizations
1. --Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Paul Revere, John Adams, John Dickinson,
Benjamin Franklin, Sons of Liberty, Committees on Correspondence, Stamp Act Congress,
Continental Congress
F. British Figures
1. --King George III, George Grenville, Lord Frederick North, Thomas Hutchinson, Thomas Gage,
William Howe
G. Protest Escalates to Violence
1. --Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Battle of Lexington & Concord, Battle of Bunker Hill, Ft.
Ticonderoga, Siege at Boston, Continental Congress
H. Declaring Independence:
1. --Purposes of the meetings, Olive Branch Petition, Continental Army, Gen. George Washington,
Effectiveness at supplies/munitions, financing the war
I. Declaration of Independence
1. --Influences—Athens, Magna Carta, Thomas Hobbs, English Bill of Rights
2. --Colonial Loyalties
1.
Patriots-Whigs
2.
Loyalists-Tories
J. Major Battles and Events:
1. --Long Island, Trenton, Princeton, Philadelphia, Brandywine, Saratoga, Germantown, Savannah,
Charlestown, King’s Mountain, Cowpens, Yorktown
K. Strengths and Weaknesses
1. --US—Goals of War (defense), familiarity with America, fighting for way of life
2. --UK—Well-armed/disciplined army, strong central government, support of some colonists
L. Major Figures
1. --Friedrich von Steuben, Marquis de La Fayette, Ben Franklin, Henry Knox, Nathaniel Greene
M. Causes for Victory
1. --French assistance, war of attrition, British mistakes
N. Long Term Impact of the War for Independence
CONSTITUION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What were the underlying motivations for the Constitutional Convention?
How did class conflict play a role in the writing and substance of the Constitution?
Is Congress the most powerful branch of government?
Does checks and balances and separation of powers keep the three branches of government equal?
How did states rights versus federal power demonstrate regional conflicts?
Why is so much of the Bill of Rights focused on the rights of accused criminals?
Does the Bill of Rights and subsequent amendments adequately protect individuals?
A. Articles of Confederation
a. Origins
b. Strengths/Weaknesses
B. Land Ordinances
a. Land Ordinance of 1785
b. Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787
C. Postwar Economy
a. State and Federal War Debts
b. Postwar Depression and Inflated prices
c. Lean European Trading Policies
d. Currency
D. Shays' Rebellion
a. Payment of Continental Army and high taxes
b. National and regional responses to the Rebellion
c. Impact/Legacy of the Rebellion on Founding Fathers
E. Constitutional Convention
a. Annapolis Convention and Philadelphia Convention
b. Key Figures (James Madison, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Edmund Randolph, William
Paterson, etc)
c. Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, Great Compromise, 3/5 Compromise
d. Guiding Principles--Separation of Powers, Checks & Balances, Federalism, Republicanism, and Civil
Liberties.
F. Ratification Process
a. Federalists vs Anti-Federalists
b. Promise of the Bill of Rights
G. Constitution as a Document
a. Preamble, 7 Articles, and the Bill of Rights
b. Structure of the Government's Branches, Powers of each branch,
c. Necessary & Proper Clause, Implied Powers, Full Faith & Credit Clause, Fugitive Slave Clause,
Amendment Process, Treason, Supremacy of National Law, etc.
EARLY REPUBLIC (1789-1820)
1. What were the political differences between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists?
2. How did our early government infrastructure evolve into a two faction system to a two party system?
3. What are the necessary components of a political faction and a political party?
4. How did the interplay between the legislative and executive branches illustrate the need for an impartial judiciary?
5. How did the "Founding Fathers" use Federalists control to insulate their own political existence and insure their
political power?
6. By what measures did the Federalist from their political success bring the Republican Party into existence?
7. How did the Federalist create a sense of national political unity?
George Washington's Administration
A. Washington's Cabinet
a. Hamilton, Jefferson, Knox
B. Ratification of the Bill of Rights, Judicial Act of 1789,
C. Hamilton's Financial Plan
a. Excise Taxes, Federal Assumption of Debt, National Bank
b. Strict vs Loose Construction of the Constitution
c. Whiskey Rebellion
i. Washington/Hamilton's Authoritative Response
D. French Revolution
a. Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality
b. Citizen Genet
E. Jay's Treaty
a. Federalist Agenda, Motivations and Public Protest
b. Thomas Jefferson's Resignation
F. Old Northwest War
a. Little Turtle, White land encroachment
G. Pickney's Treaty
a. Significance of the Mississippi River
H. Washington's Farewell Address
a. Purpose, themes, advice
b. Avoid Foreign Entanglements, Political divisions, Promote Unity and a National University, etc.
John Adams' Administration
A. Creation of the two party system
a. Federalist and Democratic-Republicans
b. Beliefs, Motivations, and Laws
B. Relationship with Thomas Jefferson
C. XYZ Affair
a. Charles Talleyrand, Agents X/Y/Z, Bribery and Federal loans
b. International/Public Reaction and Support
D. French and British Impressment
a. Legitimacy of US Neutrality Rights
E. Quasi-War with France
a. Build-up of the Navy and Army
F. Alien & Sedition Acts
a. Naturalization Act, Alien Enemies Act, Alien Act, Sedition Act
G. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
a. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson
b. Legal and political precedent for nullification/political secession
H. Creation/Transfer to Washington DC
a. Pierre Charles L'Enfant
b. Slavery
I. Peace Treaty with France
Thomas Jefferson's Administration
A. Election of 1800
a. Jefferson-Burr Controversy, 12th Amendment
b. Peaceful Revolution
B. Jefferson Inaugural Address
a. Political and Philosophic vision of Republicanism
C. Marbury v Madison
a. Midnight Judges, Jefferson/Madison Collaboration, Marbury v Madison, John Marshall, Judicial Review
b. Political and Philosophic Impact on Federal Gov't and Jefferson
D. Louisiana Purchase
a. Napoleon's Empire, Closing of New Orleans Port and Revolution in Haiti
b. Jefferson's agrarian motivations, Constitutionality of Purchase, Congressional Debate, Republican Ideals
c. Lewis and Clark Expedition, Waterway Passage, Potential for settlement
E. Barbary Wars
a. Pasha of Tripoli, Blackmail and Tribute, USS Philadelphia
b. Naval buildup
F. Embargo Act of 1807
a. Chesapeake-Leopold Incident
b. Impact on British, American, and New England economies
James Madison's Administration
A. Tecumseh's War
a. Tecumseh, Tenskwatawa, Assimilation vs Resistance, Old Northwest Territories, Gov. William Henry
Harrison
B. War of 1812
a. Warhawks
i. Quids, John C Calhoun, Henry Clay
b. Invasion of Canada
i. Battle of Tippecanoe, Battle on Lake Erie, Burning of York, Changing Borders
c. Burning of the Capital
i. British Blockade, War with Napoleon, Chesapeake Campaign
ii. In Defence of Ft. McHenry, Star-Spangled Banner
d. Hartford Convention
i. Federalist Agenda, New England Secession
e. Treaty of Ghent
i. Provisions and failures
f.
Battle of New Orleans
i. Gen. Andrew Jackson
g. War's Legacy
i. British Impressment, Canadian boundaries, Destruction of Tecumseh's Confederacy, Beginning
of Nationalism
C. Tariff of 1816
a. Protective Tariff and Nationalism
James Monroe’s Administration
A. Nationalism
- Florida negotiated from Spain
- Monroe Doctrine: isolationism
B. Panic of 1819
C. Missouri Compromise
D. Era of Good Feelings
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
1. What is "Jacksonian Democracy" and how is it different from "Jeffersonian Democracy" and the Federalist political
philosophies?
2. Are there common intangibles that make presidents great political leaders? Compare George Washington, Thomas
Jefferson and Andrew Jackson.
3. Was the Jacksonian "bank War" justified as a reasonable measure or was it a political and personal attack on a very
relevant and necessary institution?
4. Was the "Trail of Tears" instituted by Jackson and Van Buren from personal compassion or economic gain and
political control?
5. Did Jacksonian democracy embrace the slave issue or ignore it and allow it to become a central theme for subsequent
administrations?
6. How was the removal and resettlement of Native Americans affected by the Indian Resettlement Act?
7. How did the “spoils system” contribute to the conflict between immigrant settlers and Yankee leadership?
8. How did the nullification crisis perpetuate the power struggle of State versus Federal Government?
A. Nationalism
1. Foreign Policy, American System, Supreme Court Decisions (McCulloch v Maryland, Gibbons v Ogden,
etc), War of 1812
B. Sectionalism
1. Missouri Compromise, Economic Impact of Panic of 1819/Tariffs, Missouri Compromise, Corrupt
Bargain
C. John Quincy Adams
1. Election of 1824, Internal Improvements, Patronage, Tariff of 1828
D. Andrew Jackson
1. Frontier Background, War of 1812, War with Seminole Indians, Formation of the Democratic Party,
"Common Man," Election of 1828, Spoils System, Rotation in Office, Eaton Affair, Tariff of
Abominations, Nullification Crisis, Bank War, Pet Banks, Tariff of 1832, Five Civilized Tribes,
Worcester v Georgia, Trail of Tears
E. Martin Van Buren
1. Panic of 1837, Formation of the Whig Party, Texas Revolution, Oregon Territory
F. William Henry Harrison and John Tyler
1. Tariff of 1842, Manifest Destiny, Texas War
G. James K. Polk
1. Mexican War, Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildalgo, Western Expansion
INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS & MARKET REVOLUTION
1. How did the Industrial Revolution lead to the increase of urbanization, big business & labor unions?
2. How did technology & westward expansion impact the emerging industrial nation?
3. What precedents did the government set by siding with big business during strikes and how did this effect the growing
labor movement?
4. How did the Americans’ approach to religion change with new political and economic developments of the 1830’s and
1840’s?
5. How do the various cultural reforms of the 1830’s and 1840’s reflect the growing power of the “common man” and
democratic ideals?
6. How did Manifest Destiny both aggravate and alleviate political and economic pressures throughout the 1840s and
1850s?
7. How did Westward Expansion support or not support the ideals and principles of the Declaration of Independence and
US Constitution?
8. In what ways and to what extent did the Jacksonian approach to Native American issues represent a continuation of a
long-standing attitude toward the American Indian?
A.
Industrial Revolution
1. Significant Individuals: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Robert Fulton, Samuel Morse, Isaac Singer, Nikola
Tesla, Thomas Edison, etc
2. Major Inventions and Innovations: Cotton Gin, Interchangeable Parts, Telegraph, Telephone, Steam
Engine, etc.
3. Manufacturing--Lowell Textile Factories, Factory System
4. Transportation--Railroads, improved roads/canals, Cumberland Road, Transcontinental Railroad, Impact
on Commerce and Immigration
5. Communications--Transatlantic/Transcontinental Cable
B. Market Revolution
1. Household to Market Economies
2. Factory System and Mass Production
3. Development of the Middle Class/Working Class
4. Urbanization—Lifestyles, Pollution, Living Codes, Tenements, North/South/Frontier
C. Cultural Reforms
1. Transcendentalism
a) Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller
2. 2nd Great Awakening
a) Charles Finney, Richard Allen
3. Utopian Societies (Oneida Community and the Shakers)
a) John Humphrey Noyes, William Miller, Joseph Smith, Brigham Young
4. Female Suffrage (Seneca Falls Convention)
a) Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Motts
5. Education
a) Horace Mann
6. Prison/Mental Asylums
a) Dorothea Dix
7. Hudson River School
a) Thomas Cole
8. Abolitionism
a) William Lloyd Garrison, Denmark Vesey, David Walker, Nat Turner, Frederick Douglass
ORIGINS OF THE CIVIL WAR
1. To what extent did the growth in nationalism throughout the 1820’s and 1830’s become the sectionalism of the 1840’s
and 1850’s?
2. How could the Founding Fathers be considered the “Fathers” of the Civil War?
3. "The South grew, but it did not develop." By the 1840s this was true socially, politically, and economically. In what
ways?
A. Abolition Movement
1.
2.
3.
4.
William Lloyd Garrison, American Anti-Slavery Society, The Liberator
Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave
Sojourner Truth
Harriet Tubman, Underground Railroad
B. Cultural Differences
a. Economic developments from the Industrial Revolution
b. Slavery, Uncle Tom's Cabin
C. Missouri Compromise
a. Missouri, Maine, 36 30 Line, Impact on Slavery Debate
D. Compromise of 1850
a. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and California Crisis
b. Balance of Power in Congress
c. Slavery in California, Utah, New Mexico
d. Slave Trade in Washington DC
e. Fugitive Slave Act
f. John C Calhoun and Daniel Webster
E. "Bleeding Kansas"
a. Stephen Douglass and the Kansas-Nebraska Act
b. Free Soilers
c. John Brown and the Pottawatomie Massacre
d. Harper's Ferry
e. Charles Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" and Preston Brooks' attack
f. Lecompton Constitution
F. Dred Scott Decision
a. Scott v Sanford
b. Roger Taney
c. Impact on legitimacy of slavery
G. Abraham Lincoln
a. Early life in Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois
b. Relationship with parents and step-parents
c. Education and meaningful life events
d. Political Beliefs
e. Lincoln-Douglass Debates
H. Secession
a. Election of 1860, Democratic Party Split, Ballot Misrepresentation
b. South Carolina Secession
c. Delegates meet in Montgomery, Alabama
d. Attack on Ft. Sumter
CIVIL WAR
1. How did the political party system affect the events surrounding secession and the outbreak of armed conflict?
2. In what ways did sectional and national interests affect one’s view on the role of the national government in regards to
slavery and economic development?
3. In what ways did the Civil War affect the power and scope of the national government?
4. How did one’s gender, ethnicity, or social class affect their feelings about the Civil War in both the Union and
Confederacy?
5. How did the conflict over states rights and national power shape the Confederacy’s ability to wage war against the
Union?
6. In what ways did sectional economic development influence both the outbreak and outcome of the Civil War?
7. In what ways did economic ties with other nations affect diplomacy during the Civil War?
8. In what ways did military leadership, or lack thereof, influence the execution of the war for both the Union and
Confederacy?
9. To what extent did the Civil War fail or succeed in solving the economic, political, and social problems that caused it
to arise in the first place?
A. Advantages/Disadvantages of the North & South
a. Similarities and differences in industrial production, population growth, commercial trade, primary
occupations, labor force, Military Leadership, etc
B. Strategies
a. Winfield Scott's Anaconda Plan vs Southern War of Attrition
b. Two theatres of war--Eastern and Western
c. Technology of the Civil War
i. Rifling, Minie Balls, Ironclads (Monitor v Merrimack), etc
d. First Battle of Bull Run
i. Northern misconceptions, Stonewall Jackson's impact,
e. Battle of Shiloh
i. Ulysses S. Grant, Union Success
f. Battle of Antietam
i. Robert E. Lee, British assistance, Border-State Influence, most violent battle, McClellan replaced
g. Peninsula Campaign
i. Plan to capture Richmond, George McClellan, Joseph Johnston, Robert E. Lee
C. Emancipation Proclamation
a. Lincoln’s Influences, "States in Rebellion,” Confederate Reaction, 54th Massachusetts Infantry,
Contraband units,
b. Battle of Chancellorsville
i. Death of Stonewall Jackson, Failure of Joseph Hooker
c. Battle of Gettysburg
i. Stonewall Jackson’s absence, Cemetary Ridge, Wheatfield, Chamberlain’s defense of Little
Roundtop, Pickett’s Charge
ii. Gettysburg Address
d. Battle of Vicksburg
i. Turning point of the Civil War
ii. Grant’s Siege of the City, Control of Mississippi River
D. Sherman’s March to the Sea
a. Grant promoted to Union Commander, and William T. Sherman’s promotion
b. Total warfare tactics, Capture of Atlanta, and March to Savannah
c. Capture of Richmond
i. Siege of Richmond, Lee’s army deserters
ii. Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse
E. Federal Power
a. Suspension of Habeas Corpus, Conscription Act, New York Draft Riots, Thirteenth Amendment
b. Political Opposition
i. Jefferson Davis, Centralized Gov’t, Copperheads, George McClellan, Election of 1864
F. Financing the War
a. National Bank Act, Greenbacks, Federal Income Tax, Inflation
RESCONSTRUCTION
1. In what ways did the Reconstruction era cause political and economic conflicts to arise between social classes and
geographical regions?
2. To what extent were political institutions successful in allowing people of a variety of social classes to exercise their
political, social, and economic rights during the Reconstruction period?
3. How did one’s gender, social class, and ethnicity affect their social mobility during the Reconstruction period?
4. How did the various plans for Reconstruction (Presidential, Congressional, etc.) compare to each other with regards to
protecting the civil, political, and personal liberties of the people in the former Confederacy?
5. How did the Reconstruction period affect the evolution of the political party system with regards to economic and
social concerns?
6. In what ways did the Reconstruction period affect the balance of power and relationship between the Legislative and
Executive Branches?
7. In what ways did the Reconstruction period affect the political, social, and economic aspirations of African Americans
across the United States?
8. To what extent did animosity between the Northern and former Confederate states play a role in both the execution and
observance of Reconstruction policies?
A. Presidential Reconstruction Plans
a. 10% Plan, Johnson's Plan - supporter of states rights
B. Congressional Plan:
a. Radical Republicans, Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner
b. States: republican government, territories or conquered nation? admitting southern representatives to
Congress, Military Reconstruction Act, new state governments, freedom vote,
C. Johnson's opposition
1. Freedmen: 13, 14, 15th amendments, due process, reduce power of the states, Swing Around the Circle
Campaign - Johnson, Freedmen's Bureau - Oliver Howard, Civil Rights Act, Johnson opposition
2. Testing the Civil War amendments in court: Ex parte Milligan, Slaughterhouse Cases
D. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
1. Political motivations of impeachment
2. Tenure of Office Act
3. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
4. charge: high crimes and misdemeanors
5. not guilty - not used as political weapon
E. Reality of Reconstruction
1. scalawags and carpetbaggers
2. reality of redistribution of land for blacks: sharecropping and tenet farming
3. education for blacks - Freedmen's Bureau
4. Freedmen rebuild their lives
5. black codes - Jim Crow
6. Ku Klux Klan
7. Democrats return to power
F. Failures of Reconstruction
a. no money for programs, racial tension, corruption in government, southern poverty, Jim Crow, judicial
decisions: Plessy v. Ferguson
G. President Ulysses S. Grant
a. Election 1868: Grant vs. Horation Seymour
b. Election 1872: Grant vs. Horace Greeley
c. Scandals amongst administration
d. Begin to end Reconstruction plans - reduce army in south, Amensty Act
e. Aid to freedmen: Enforcement Acts, Civil Rights Act 1875
f. purchase Alaska
GILDED AGE AND INDUSTRY
1. How did political machines and political bosses dominate elections and social issues during the last 25 years of the
1800s?
2. How come local government was more significant to people as opposed to issues of national government concern?
3. How did the conflict between the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds demonstrate the state of politics during the Gilded Age?
4. Why was civil service reform a major issue?
5. Why did presidents only serve one term and what role did the executive branch have during the last quarter of the 19th
century?
6. How did big business promote the onset of labor unions?
7. What was the government's role in promoting big business in relation to it's decisions on unions?
8. How did labor unions improve workers' conditions and rights and why was the middle class response in opposition?
9. Why was this time period prime for the fabled robber barons?
A. Internal Improvements in America: 1870's-1900
a. Industrial Revolution expansion: completion to factory transformation and incorporating the south in this
development, lifestyles in cities and industrial centers, new technology such as electricity, sewage,
Settlement houses (Hull House) to improve life for those in poverty in the cities
b. Labor Movement: Unions: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor; Strikes: National Railroad
strike of 1877, Haymarket Riot, Pullman Strike, Eugene Debs
c. Immigration:
-Western Expansion: How did the movement and settlement of the west alter Native American tribal life?
US policies towards Native Americans, missionaries, asimilation, reservations, boarding schools, Dawes
Act, Little Big Horn, Wounded Knee
B. Gilded Age
a. attitudes towards politics, high interest in politics, local over national issues important, weak presidents,
polical bosses: Boss Tweed, definition of Gilded Age
C. Presidents during the Gilded Age
a. Election 1876: Tilden vs. Hayes - who really won?
b. James A. Garfield – assassination
c. Chester A. Arthur
d. Grover Cleveland: Depression
e. William McKinely - strong presidency, assassinated