
Naturally-formed solid substance with a
crystal structure
Pyromorphite

All:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Are formed by natural processes.
Are NOT alive and NEVER were alive = Inorganic
Have a definite volume and shape = Solid
Are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup
Are made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over
(called a CRYSTAL)

Minerals are comprised of one or
32 more
C.
D.
A.
B.
Colors
Elements
Rocks
Structures
0
0% 0% 0% 0%
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C
13 14 15 16 R 18 19 20
E le m
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S tr uc tu re s

A.
B.
C.
D.
2
All minerals share the following characteristics except
Being formed by natural process
Being formed from living organisms
Being solids
0 of
32
Having the atoms within the mineral arranged in a pattern
3 4 5 6 7 8
0% 0% 0% 0%
B ei ng
fo rm ed
b y
B na tu r..
ei ng
fo rm ed
fr om
li vi
..
B ei
H ng
s ol id av in g th s e at om s w ith
..
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32


Formed by natural processes not in the laboratory
- Is an Ice Cube a mineral?
- Is the ice on the windshield of a car a mineral?
Is Ice a mineral???
How is a mineral like a cake?


Ore – a mineral that contains a substance that can be sold for a profit

Examples: Hematite is the ore of Iron
Bauxite is the ore of Aluminum,
Rutile is the ore of Titanium (strong and light)

Mining: ores are only profitable if the cost of mining them is less than the value of the material being mined

Waste rock has to be removed which can be expensive and harmful to environment


Rarity and beauty makes them valuable


Used for jewelry and are cut/polished and sometimes don’t resemble the raw form
Additives give them a brighter color

A valuable mineral that is rare and prized for its beauty is called
C.
D.
A.
B.
Ore
A gem
An element
A silicate
10
0% 0% 0% 0%
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O re
A
g em
A n el em en t
A
s ili ca te
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1
A.
For a mineral to be considered an ore, it must
Not produce pollution during production
B.
C.
D.
Be a common mineral
Be naturally occurring
10
0% 0% 0% 0%
Generate a profit for its production
3 4 5 6 7 8
N ot
p ro du ce
p ol lu
B tio
...
e a co m m on
m in er al e na tu ra lly
o cc
B G en er ng ur ri at e a pr of it fo r i
..
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2
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0
0
0
0
0
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

A.
B.
C.
When gold is smelted down to make jewelry, is it still a mineral?
Yes
No
Gold is not a mineral
10
Seconds
Remaining
0% 0% 0%
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Y es
N o
G ol d is
n ot
a
m in er al
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
1) Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle))

Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids)


Medium Cooling = small crystals
Slow Cooling = large crystals

2. Evaporation of water
Can leave behind minerals (
Dead Sea Salt
)


Atoms rearrange to form a more compact mineral

Ex Talc and muscovite
A very hot mixture of water and dissolved substances (100 o C – 300 o C)
Ex Bornite and chalcopyrite (sulfer minerals)

Magma – crystallization
Evaporation -- Precipitation

A.
atoms bond.
B.
ions combine.
C.
protons attract electrons.
10
0% 0% 0% 0%
D.
minerals form.
a to m s bo nd
.
io ns
c om ne
.
bi to ns
a tt ra ct
e le ct r.
..
m in er al s fo rm
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
p ro
16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

If magma cools slowly the resulting crystals will be
C.
D.
A.
B.
Small
Large
Different sizes
No crystals will form
10
0% 0% 0% 0%
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S m al l
L ar ge
D s iff er en t s ize o cr ys ta
N ls
w ill
fo rm
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

What process causes dissolved substances to be left behind to form minerals after water in lakes or ponds evaporates?
A.
B.
C.
D.
precipitation ionization condensation sublimation
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32
p re
13 ci pi ta tio n 14 15
io ni za tio n 16
c on de
17 ns at io n 18
s
19 ub lim at io n 20

C.
D.
A.
B.
It is sweet
It is organic
It is inorganic
It is not a crystal
10
0% 0% 0% 0%
0 of 32
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
It
is
s w ee t
It
is
o rg an ic
in or ga ni c
n ot
a
c ry st al
It
is
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
It
is
18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32


Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of.
Beryl (Emerald)
Calcite
Amethyst

Mineral Group Characteristics
Silicates

Contain
oxygen & silica

The most
abundant group of minerals
Examples
Quartz, mica
MICA
Quartz

Silver
Mineral Group Characteristics
Non-Silicates

Make up only
5% of the
Earth’s crust

Include some of the most important minerals
Diamond
Examples iron, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, rubies
Copper
Gold
Ruby
Iron

A.
B.
Protons and neutrons.
ions and isotopes.
10
C.
silicates and nonsilicates.
D.
inorganic and organics.
0% 0% 0% 0%
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a nd
n e.
..
nd
is ot o.
..
ili ca te s an d
...
ga ni c an d
...
10 11 12 to ns
14
io ns
a
15 16
s
17 18
in or
19 20

A.
B.
C.
D.
Which group of minerals is made up of the Earths crust most abundant elements?
Non silicates
Silicates
Native elements
Sulfides
10
0% 0% 0% 0%
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N on
s ili ca te s
S ili ca te s
N at iv e el em en ts
S ul fid es
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Is glacier ice considered a mineral?
A.
B.
C.
Yes
No
Only if made from bottle water
10
0% 0% 0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Y es
N o
O nl y if m ad e fr om
b ot
...
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Physical Properties of Minerals
(can be used to identify the mineral)

Can be misleading The Worst way to identify a mineral.
Can vary with the type of impurities
All types of Quartz

Luster



Surface reflection metallic = shiny like metal non-metallic = dull, non-shiny surface
Pyrite has a metallic luster
Calcite has a non-metallic luster

Streak



The color of the powdered form of the mineral
The color of the streak can be different than the mineral
Minerals must be softer than the streak plate

Streak…can help identify quartz

Some minerals have a dull earthy appearance. This describes the
C.
D.
A.
B.
Texture
Fracture
Color
Luster
VOTE
0% 0% 0% 0%
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T ex tu re
F ra ct ur e
C ol or
L us te r
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

A.
B.
C.
D.
When identifying a mineral,
__________ is the least reliable property
Color
Fracture
Streak
Luster
0 of
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0% 0% 0% 0%
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C ol or
F ra ct ur e
S tr ea k
L us te r
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0
0
0
0
0
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

Which term is used to describe the color of a powdered mineral?
C.
D.
A.
B.
Luster
Streak
Cleavage
Fracture
:10
0% 0% 0% 0%
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L us te r
S tr ea k
C le av ag e
F ra ct ur e
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Cleavage & Fracture

The way the mineral breaks


Cleavage —minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape
Fracture —minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges

1.
4.
3.
2.

the shape of the minerals structure.
Common crystal shapes-
Hexagonal
Cubic




Hardness
How easily a mineral
scratches materials
Mohs Hardness Scale

Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)
Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects
(like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file)

Mohs Mineral Hardness Scale
1) Talc
2) Gypsum
3) Calcite
4) Flourite
5) Apatite
6) Feldspar
7) Quartz
8) Topaz
9) Corundum
10) Diamond
Softest
Hardest
1
2
3
5
6
7
4 8
9
10

Calcite will scratch gypsum. This is an example of what property?
C.
D.
A.
B.
Hardness
Streak
Fracture
Cleavage 0 of
32
0% 0% 0% 0%
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H ar dn es s
S tr ea k
F ra ct ur e
C le av ag e
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

0
0
0
0
0
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

A.
_________ is classified as the softest mineral on Mohs Hardness
Talc scale.
B.
C.
Diamond
Calcite
D.
Quartz 10
0% 0% 0% 0%
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T al c
D ia m on d
C al ci te
Q ua rt z
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

What is the hardness of an unknown mineral that scratches Apatite, but will not scratch quartz?
A.
B.
C.
D.
5.0
7.5
6.0
8.0
:10
0% 0% 0% 0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
5.
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
7.
5 6.
8.

Minerals, such as quartz, that break along jagged edges are said to have
A.
Cleavage
B.
C.
Fracture
Density
10
D.
Special properties
0% 0% 0% 0%
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2
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8
28
9
29 av ag e
F ra ct ur e si ty ci al
p ro pe r.
..
C le D en
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
30 31 32 S pe

A mineral that breaks in flat even sheets exhibits __________.
C.
D.
A.
B.
fracture streak cleavage fusion
:10
0% 0% 0% 0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
fr ac tu re
s tr ea k
c le av ag e
fu si on
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Other Properties







Specific gravity (*excellent clue to mineral’s identity)
Attraction to magnets
Bending of light
Reaction with hydrochloric acid
Smell (sulfer)
Taste (saltly)
Density

A.
B.
C.
D.
age odor hardness size
10
0% 0% 0% 0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
a ge
o do r s
s ize
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
h ar dn es
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

C.
D.
A.
B.
The ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water is
Mass
Specific density
Specific gravity
Volume 0 of
32
0% 0% 0% 0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
M as s
S pe ci fic
d en si ty
S pe ci fic
g ra vi ty
V ol um e
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Common objects made of minerals

Common objects made of minerals http://www.thesciencequeen.net/MID%20Flowchart.htm

http://www.childrensmuseum.org/g eomysteries/cube/a1.html

Let’s test it out!

The End

Do you enjoy using the clicker during note taking?
A.
B.
C.
Yes, love it
No, I don’t like my clicker
It doesn’t matter either way
0% 0% 0%
10
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, l ov e it
I do n’ t l i..
.
It
d oe sn
’t m at
...
10 11 12
Y es
13 14
N o,
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Would you feel comfortable using the clickers to take a graded quiz?
A.
Yes, I think we could try it
B.
No, I am not comfortable getting a quiz grade from clickers :10
C.
0% 0% 0%
Not yet, the class still needs more practice
, I
th in k w
...
n ot
c
...
, t he
c
...
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Y es
13 14 15 16 17
N
18 19 20
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N o,
I am ot
y et