Chemistry 112
Sections 4-6
Bill Vining
232 PSCI
436-2698
viningwj@oneonta.edu
You should have had:
• General Chemistry I
– Up through drawing Lewis Structures
General Chemistry I
•
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•
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Basics of Atomic Structure
Chemical Reactions and Equations
Stoichiometry
Solution Chemistry, mainly in water
Thermochemistry
Electronic Structure of Atoms
Properties of Atoms
Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding of p-Block Elements
General Chemistry II
• Molecular Structure
• Bonding Theories
– Valence Bond Theory
– Molecular Orbital Theory
• Properties of Gases
• Control of Chemical Reactions and Stability
– Thermodynamics
– Kinetics
General Chemistry II
• Special Types of Chemical Systems:
– Organic
– Equilibrium
– Acid-Base
– Dissolution
– Complexation
– Electrochemical
Business
Class Rules
• Syllabus
• Class Rules:
– Be here every day
– Be on time
– Pick up handouts if late
– No chatting, except when I say so
– You are responsible
– Be nice
– Trust me
Business I
• Class meetings:
– Lecture MWF here
– Lab once a week in Physical Sciences
Bldg.
– Recitation once a week in Physical Sci.
Bldg.
• NO LABS or RECITATIONS this weekthey start Monday
• Class Rules- Syllabus (go over on
Friday)
Business II
Classroom Rules
•
•
•
•
•
•
Be here every single day
Be here on time
Don’t sit in back
Don’t talk when I’m talking
Don’t let me talk when you’re talking
It’s ok to get up and wander
Business III
Grades
• 3 Hour Exams
• OWL Homework
• Labs
Business IV
Recite After Me:
If I fail the lab,
I fail the course.
Mastery Learning Schematic
Homework Question
Answer
Correct Answer
and Feedback
correct
Mastery Credit
Newly generated
question
incorrect
Mastery Learning Schematic
Concept
Simulation
Homework Question
Guided
Tutorial
Answer
Correct Answer
and Feedback
correct
Mastery Credit
Newly generated
question
incorrect
Tutorial Help
Tutorial Help
Concept Simulations
Assignment Scheme I: A course has Assignments
Course
Assignment #1
Assignment #2
Assignment #3
Assignment Scheme II: Assignments have Units
Course
Assignment #1
Assignment #2
Unit #1
Unit #1
Unit #2
Unit #2
Assignment #3
Unit #1
Assignment Scheme III: Units have Questions
Course
Assignment #1
Unit #1
Question #1
Question #2
Unit #2
Question #1
Question #2
Assignment #2
Unit #1
Question #1
Question #2
Unit #2
Question #1
Assignment #3
Unit #1
Question #1
Question #2
Question #3
Question #4
Question #5
Bonding
When atoms stick together, that’s bonding.
Bonding ranges from ionic to covalent:
Bonding
When atoms stick together, that’s bonding.
Bonding ranges from ionic to covalent:
Ionic
Polar Covalent
Electrons Shared More Equally
Covalent
Bonding
When atoms stick together, that’s bonding.
Bonding ranges from ionic to covalent:
Ionic
metals+nonmetals
Polar Covalent
Covalent
different nonmetals
similar nonmetals
Electrons Shared More Equally
Why do Covalent Bonds Happen?
Why do Covalent Bonds Happen?
Electrons on one
atom attracted to
nucleus of other
atom
Nucleus on each atom repels other nucleus
Electron on each atom repels other electron
If new attractions > new repulsions, then a bond forms
How Covalent Bonds Happen
Valence electrons are shared through
overlapping orbitals
Covalent Bonding in p-Block
Elements: Where are the Valence
Electrons?
Covalent Bonding in p-Block
Elements: Where are the Valence
Electrons?
• Described by Lewis Electron Dot Structures
Determining Molecular Geometry
• All depends on bond angles:
Determining Molecular Geometry
• All depends on bond angles:
Determining Molecular Geometry
Valence
Electrons
Lewis
Structure
Electron-Pair Molecular
Geometry Geometry
Electron-Pair Geometries
• Depend on Number of Electron Pairs
around Central Atom
Help Needed
• Today
– Lunch 12-12:50
– Lecture 3:30 – 4:15
• Tomorrow
– Lunch 12-12:50
– Lecture 3:30 – 4:15
Examples
NH3
CH4
CH2O
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Linear
Bent 109o
Trigonal planar
Trigonal pyramidal
Tetrahedral
Trigonal bipyramidal
See-saw
Square pyramidal
Octahedral
Molecular Polarity
Are electrons in molecules evenly
distributed?
If so: nonpolar molecule
If not: polar molecule
Determining Bond Polarity
Compare electronegativities of bonded atoms
Determining Bond Polarity
Compare electronegativities of bonded atoms
H-F is:
Li-F is:
N-O is:
O-O is:
P-H is:
Determining Molecular Polarity
Add up all bond polarities and see if they
cancel
Polarity Examples