Core Course Review Documentation Foundational Component Area: CREATIVE ARTS Component Area Option? No Yes – Cultural & Global Understanding Yes – Undergraduate Inquiry & Creativity Proposed Course: Credit Hours: Proposed by: Date: THEA 1503 Appreciation of Theatre 3 Elizabeth Lewandowski, Professor of Theatre September 21, 2012 Please document how the proposed course meets each of the following requirements. (You may provide a written explanation or copy and paste the appropriate information from the syllabus.) CONTENT: Courses in this category focus on the appreciation and analysis of creative artifacts and works of the human imagination. A) Define the roles taken by theatricians and how those roles interact to create theatre. B) Evaluate the success of a given group of artists in relationship to the goals of that particular production. C) Visualize and discuss the elements of theatre in non-theatrical setting. D) Identity with and explain one’s similarities with a character in a given production. E) Understand the impact of traditional theatre on popular theatrical forms (television, film and the entertainment industry). F) Attend and meaningfully discuss theatrical productions, using critical, creative and innovative writing. G) Demonstrate critical thinking skills through the Playwriting Project and Design Project. H) Demonstrate teamwork by participation in the Production Project. I) Demonstrate social responsibility through a journal entry. SKILLS: Courses involve the synthesis and interpretation of artistic expression and enable critical, creative, and innovative communication about works of art. Synthesis and interpretation of artistic expression: In order to synthesize content learned in class and demonstrate the student’s skill level in doing so, the student will complete several projects both in and out of class. Samples of those projects are shown below. Design Project Develop a design for either the scenery or costumes of one of the following plays: Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare (public domain on the internet) The play you wrote for class. Present your design using the following guidelines: 1) Develop a design concept. You are not to use the original time/milieu. Using complete sentences, explain your concept, why you decided to use that concept and how your concept would aid a modern audience in understanding the play. 2) Demonstrate your design concept. Designers use pictures to communicate. To illustrate your concept, you do NOT need to draw! Find pictures on the web or in books. You must include at least 6 COLOR pictures (minimum ¼ page each). Be sure to cite the source for each picture. Grading of the design project: 1) Originality and creativity are the most important elements. 2) The Writing Proficiency Exam rubric will be used to assess your written communication skills. Playwriting Project To explore the role of the playwright, each student will write a short (200-300 word) play. When writing the play the following guidelines apply: 1) Basic rules: Write for your own time Write what you know. Write action, not speeches. Write for actors, not readers. Be passionate, not timid; truthful, not nice. 2) Characters: Your play should include 3-4 characters. 3) Think about whether your story is a comedy or a tragedy. Be as true to the genre as possible. 4) Be sure your play has a clear dramatic outline (inciting incident, rising action, crisis and denouement.) 5) Before you begin writing, know what your statement is (what message you want the audience to receive). Submit the play using the following guidelines: 1) The play should be written in Times New Roman 12 point font. 2) Include a cover page that has your name, the name of your play and the date of submission. Your play will be graded using the following standards: 1) Did the play remain true to the genre? 2) Did the play have a clear message? 3) Did the play have an appropriate dramatic outline? In order to demonstrate the student’s ability to critically, creatively, and innovatively communicate about works of art, the student will complete several projects both in and out of class. Examples of those projects are listed below. Production Critique Guidelines The following format is to be used for submission of critiques of the plays that you attend: a) The critiques are to be submitted in one 3 prong, 2 pocket cardboard folder (NOT the same folder you use for the journal). b) The student’s name must be printed on the upper right corner of the outside of the folder. c) The critique should be 3-4 pages in length. d) Each entry is to be printed using 12 point New Times Roman font and double spaced. Margins should be no larger than 1” except the left margin which may be 1 ½”. e) Critiques should be written in complete sentences using the attached rubric as a guideline. f) Your ticket stub MUST be attached to your critique. I will NOT accept any ticket stub that is not attached properly (either stapled or paper clipped). g) Use a cover page that includes: your name, the name of the play, when and where you saw the production. The following are the guidelines for a production critique: a) Answer these three questions: What is the artist/production trying to do/say? How does the artist do it? Is it worth doing? b) Discuss your opinion of the production, considering the audience reaction, the success of the production as an evening of theatre, and the clarity of the story telling. c) Discuss any and/or all of the following: The actors’ portrayal of their characters What the play says about life The scenery, lighting, costuming, make-up and sound and their impact on the production d) Write and rewrite. Proof carefully. e) Be specific and provide examples. f) Use past tense to describe the action of the play. Critiques are due at the beginning of class, the day after the final performance. Critiques will NOT be accepted at any other time. Not 10 or 15 minutes into class. Not that afternoon. Not the next day. If you are too ill to attend class, send your folder with another student. Production Project You will be working in a production team to produce one of your classmates’ plays. Playwright: The person who wrote the play will fulfill this responsibility. This individual will be responsible for a) providing each member of the production team with a paper copy of the script, b) attending all rehearsals and making any changes to the dialogue that are deemed needed as well as ensuring that, in rehearsal, each actor is exact in their speaking of the dialogue. Turn in: copies of both initial and final script Director: The person chosen by the team to direct the production. This individual is responsible for a) developing the concept and b) staging the play. Turn in: one page written explanation of the concept Actors: These individuals will act the play. They are responsible for a) memorizing the lines for their role in the play, and b) attempting an honest performance. Turn in: one page written analysis of their character Designer/Technician: These individuals will be responsible for a) designing one aspect of the production or b) providing any needed properties for the production. Turn in: one page written explanation of how the production concept was incorporated in the design and/or execution. Schedule: Day one – Choose which play to produce and who will perform which responsibilities for the production. The director should turn in a very neatly hand-written list of dramatic personae to the professor at the end of class. Day two – Rehearsal time. Day three – Rehearsal time. Day four – Dress rehearsal time. Day five & six– Performances! Grading: 1) NO ONE IS EXPECTED TO BE A PROFESSIONAL THEATRICIAN! Take this project seriously, do your part and you will not fail. 2) Participation (25%): Your daily participation (teamwork) will be evaluated in class by the professor using a teamwork rubric. 3) Performance (25%): Each participant will be graded on their ability to fulfill their obligations as listed above. 4) Paper (50%): Papers will be graded based on the Writing Proficiency Exam rubric and the appropriateness of the material in the paper. Journal Entry One of the ten journal entries will be based on the student’s perspective on social responsibility in the arts. The entry will be graded using the Writing Proficiency Exam rubric as well as a social responsibility rubric. Journal entry #10: All theatricians are artists. Imagine yourself to be a theatrician. As an artist, what responsibility as an artist would you have to yourself, to theatre, and to the greater world? How would you express that responsibility? ASSESSMENT OF CORE OBJECTIVES: Assessments should be authentic, intentional and direct. The following four Core Objectives must be addressed in each course approved to fulfill this category requirement. Critical Thinking Skills – to include creative thinking, innovation, inquiry and analysis, evaluation and synthesis of information. To assess the student’s critical thinking skills, the attached critical thinking rubric will be applied to the Design Project and the Playwriting Project (both shown above). Communication Skills – to include effective development, interpretation and expression of ideas through written, oral, and aural communication. To assess the student’s communication skills, the attached communication rubric will be applied to the Production Critiques (shown above). Teamwork – to include the ability to consider different points of vies and to work effectively with others to support a shared purpose or goal. To assess the student’s teamwork skills, the attached teamwork rubric will be applied to the Production Project (shown above). Social Responsibility – to include intercultural competence, knowledge of civic responsibility, and the ability to engage effectively in regional, national, and global communication. To assess the student’s sense of social responsibility, the attached ethics rubric will be applied to the Journal Entry covering social responsibility (shown above). ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Provide additional information supporting course inclusion in the core (optional). PLEASE ATTACH THE FOLLOWING 1. Syllabus 2. Assessment for Critical Thinking Skills 3. Assessment for Communication Skills 4. Assessment for Teamwork 5. Assessment for Social Responsibility *In the syllabus, sample dates and production titles are included. These dates and titles reflect Fall 2012 when the syllabus was first used. Appreciation of Theatre THEA 1503 Fall 2014 Elizabeth Lewandowski Office – Fain B204 Office phone – 940-397-4392 Home phone – 940-723-0936 Elizabeth.lewandowski@mwsu.edu Office hours: M-F 1:00 – 5:00 pm (during Costume Studio hours) Course Description This course is intended to enable the student to appreciate and analyze creative work in theatre and related products of the human imagination through a study of the art, craft and business of the theatre. In order to do this, the class will engage in class discussions, writing assignments (the journal and production critiques), pop quizzes, tests and both in-class and outof-class assignments Learning Goals By the end of the semester, the student should be able to do the following: J) Define the roles taken by theatricians and how those roles interact to create theatre. K) Evaluate the success of a given group of artists in relationship to the goals of that particular production. L) Visualize and discuss the elements of theatre in non-theatrical setting. M) Identity with and explain one’s similarities with a character in a given production. N) Understand the impact of traditional theatre on popular theatrical forms (television, film and the entertainment industry). O) Attend and meaningfully discuss theatrical productions, using critical, creative and innovative writing. P) Demonstrate critical thinking skills through the Playwriting Project and Design Project. Q) Demonstrate teamwork by participation in the Production Project. R) Demonstrate social responsibility through a journal entry. Grading Attendance Quizzes Test 1 Test 2 Design Project Playwriting Project Production Project First production critique Second production critique Journal entries Final Exam 50 100 100 100 50 50 50 100 100 150 (15 points each) 150 Total possible points 1000 Class Supplies 3 - 2 prong 2 pocket folders The Enjoyment of Theatre 8th edition by Patterson, Hunter, Gillespie and Cameron In addition to our regular classroom acitivites, you are required to attend one performance of two productions and write a critical response for each production. If you are unable to attend at least one performance of each production, drop this class now! “Almost, Maine” “The Bacchae” October 4-6 October 7 November 15-17 November 18 7:30 pm 2:30 pm 7:30 pm 2:30 pm Privacy Policy In accordance with Federal Privacy Laws, a student’s personal information is protected. As an instructor it is unlawful for me to share your personal information (including grades) with anyone without a legal “need to know”, unless I have your written consent. This means I cannot discuss your grades with your parents. If you have questions about your grades or have forgotten the grading policy for the course, please come by during office hours. Student Responsibilities - Attendance You are expected to attend all classes. Since lectures expand on assignments, missing class means missing important information. This class is, by its nature, participatory. Missing class means missing the chance to participate in your own education and the education of others in the class. Attendance is taken at the beginning of the class. The professor reserves the right to disallow counting a student present who is extremely late. Each student will begin the semester with 50 attendance points. Each absence or tardy will lower your total by 5 points. The professor may drop a student any time during the semester for excessive absences, for consistently failing to meet class requirements, for an indifferent attitude, or for disruptive conduct. If you skip class and miss a quiz or graded exercise, it cannot be made up. If you miss class due to illness, you can make it up as long as you a) call/email before class and 2) present written documentation when you return to class. Student Responsibilities - Assignments You are expected to do the assignments when they are assigned. Failure to do so will result in an inability to keep pace with the class. All graded assignments should be submitted on or before the deadline. All written assignments MUST be typed. Handwritten work will NOT be accepted. Late assignments will NOT be accepted. Late assignments will NOT be accepted. Late assignments will NOT be accepted. I do not accept emailed or faxed assignments. I do not accept emailed or faxed assignments. I do not accept emailed or faxed assignments. Be sure to print your assignments ahead of time. Do not presume that the printer in any given computer lab will be working right before class! By enrolling in this course, the student expressly grants MSU a “limited right” in all intellectual property created by the student for the purpose of this course. The “limited right” shall include but shall not be limited to the right to reproduce the student’s work product in order to verify originality and authenticity, and educational purposes. Student Responsibilities – Honesty Dishonest work on homework or on examinations is a serious offense, as is plagiarism. The university and the professor will not tolerate either one. If either occurs, appropriate disciplinary action will be taken. The 2002-2003 Student Senate wrote and adopted the MSU Student Honor Creed. The highlight of the creed is “As an MSU student, I pledge not to lie, cheat, steal, or help anyone else to do so”. Enough said. Student Responsibilities – Classroom Behavior Many of us own and use cell phones as our major method of electronic communication. Students are expected to turn off their cell phones when entering the classroom. Under no circumstances are students to be answered during class. Should the student need to take an emergency call, the professor expects the student to leave the room and not return, minimizing the disruptions for the remaining students. Before class begins, ensure that cell phones are off or are disabled so the phone does not ring during class – better yet, do not bring your phone to class. If other commitments are so pressing that they cannot wait until the end of the class session, it may be in the student’s best interests to reconsider the priority being placed on being in this class. In any case, the professor reserves the right to ask you to leave immediately or to embarrass you mercilessly if your phone makes noise during class. TEXTING and SLEEPING will not be tolerated. You will be called out or publicly embarrassed for this. In this class, we will be exposed to a variety of playscripts. Some of these plays may confront you about ideas and beliefs that you have long held. That is the nature of art. If you open your mind to the new experiences, you may find yourself exposed to new paradigms that will enlighten you. Social justice is one of MSU’s stated core values, and the professor considers the classroom to be a place where students will be treated with respect as human beings, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, political beliefs, age, or ability. Moreover, diversity of thought is appreciated and encouraged, provided the students can agree to disagree. It is the professor’s expectation that ALL students be able to consider the classroom a safe environment. Be civil at all times and focus on understanding the material being discussed. As we discuss theatre, let us do so in a nonconfrontational way. A university is a place in which we are each encouraged to grow to our ultimate potential – disparaging comments or words intended to harm others (as a group or individual) are inappropriate in the twenty-first century and will not be tolerated in this classroom. Please consider this carefully. If you are easily offended, particularly by discussing things with which you do not agree morally or philosophically, this class may not be for you. The appropriate time to withdraw is now. Do not be intimidated by the size of this class. I very much want to hear your well considered thoughts and opinions and to answer your questions. This course is most effective when the overall spirit is one of collaboration – just like theatre! No food is allowed in the classroom for any reason. You may not bring any beverage other than water into the classroom. If you bring water, it must be in a sports top bottle. This is a working theatre! YOU MUST BRING THE TEXT TO CLASS EVERYDAY. In short: Be on time. Be awaked. Be prepared. Be engaged. Ask questions. Study. Come ready to be a scholar or stay home. Accommodation Students with disabilities or who are in need of special arrangements should see the professor as early as possible in the semester. Please note that in order to qualify for consideration of special accommodations, the student must be registered with the MSU Office of Disability Services, and the professor must receive a memo on file from that office, along with the Special Accommodations Request Form. Performance Etiquette 1. BE ON TIME! We will discuss what “on time” means. 2. When attending a public performance, it is both rude and disruptive to use an electronic device of any kind, talk excessively, or create any other kind of disturbance that distracts or interferes with audience members or performers. 3. Ushers and other faculty members regularly attend these performances. If a faculty member or usher reports to me that you, by name, were observed using an electronic device or engaged in disruptive behavior, you will receive a zero for the performance critique. 4. No food or beverages are allowed in the theatre. 5. No photography of any kind. 6. No matter how tempting, do not take notes during the performance. 7. Dress: Upscale casual to dressy. The idea is not to look sloppy as this shows a lack of respect to the artists. By accepting this syllabus, you are indicating that you understand and accept all the professor’s policies listed herein. Class Schedule Act One August 27 In class: Homework: August 29 In class: Homework: August 31 In class: Homework: Orientation and Syllabus Write journal entry #1. Read chapter 1. Discuss chapter 1. Read chapter 2. Submit journals. Discuss chapter 2. Read chapter 3. September 3 – No classes (Labor Day) September 5 In class: Discuss chapters 2 & 3. Homework: Write journal entry #2. September 7 In class: Discuss chapter 3. Homework: Read chapter 4. September 10 In class: Homework: September 12 In class: Homework: September 14 In class: Homework: Discuss chapter 3 & 4. Did you finish chapter 4? Discuss chapter 4. Read chapter 5. Write journal entry #3. Submit journals. Discuss chapter 5. Read chapter 6. Act Two September 17 In class: Homework: September 19 In class: Homework: September 21 In class: Homework: Discuss chapter 6. Write journal entry #4. Read chapter 7. Discuss chapter 6 & 7. Write journal entry #5. Submit journals. Discuss chapter 7 and playwrighting project. Begin playwrighting project. Read chapter 8. September 24 In class: Homework: September 26 In class: Homework: September 28 In class: Homework: October 1 In class: Submit a copy of the plot outline of your play. Be sure to keep a copy for yourself. Discuss chapter 8 and how to get a ticket for “Almost, Maine”. Work on playwrighting project. Book your ticket for “Almost, Maine”. Discuss chapter 8. Return plot outlines. Work on playwrighting project. Discuss chapter 8. Finish playwrighting project and write journal entry #6. Submit journals & playwrighting projects. Guest speakers – part of cast/crew for “Almost, Maine”. Homework: October 3 – No class (11:00 matinee) October 5 In class: Test #1. Homework: See “Almost, Maine” and write critique. Act Three October 8 In class: Homework: October 10 In class: Homework: October 12 In class: Homework: October 15 In class: Homework: October 17 In class: Homework: October 19 In class: Homework: October 22 In class: Homework: Submit critique for “Almost, Maine”. Discuss play in class. Read chapter 10. Discuss chapter 10. Finish reading chapter 10 Discuss chapter 10. Write journal entry #8. Discuss chapter 10. Review notes. Discuss chapter 10 and design project. Read chapter 9. Discuss chapter 9. Work on design project. Discuss chapter 9. Write journal entry #7. Work on design project. October 24 In class: Homework: October 26 In class: Homework: Turn in journals. Discuss chapter 9. Work on design project. Study for test #2. Turn in design project. Test #2. Rest and relax!!! Act Four October 29 In class: Homework: October 31 In class: Homework: November 2 In class: Homework: November 5 In class: Homework: November 7 In class: Homework: November 9 In class: Homework: Explanation of production of project and assignment of teams. Bring a copy (not your only one) to class on Wednesday. Production projects – begin the projects. Choose the play to be produced and who will fulfill which roles (on and off stage). Playwright must make a copy of the script for each actor. Director should plan blocking. Production projects – in-class rehearsals. Actors should have all lines memorized by Monday. Designer/ technician should have all props etc by Monday. Production projects – in-class rehearsals. Book your ticket for “The Bacchae”. Production projects – in-class dress rehearsals. Rehearse as needed. Production projects – in-class presentations. Rehearse as needed. Begin writing production project paper. November 12 In class: Production projects – in-class presentations. Homework: Finish production project paper. November 14 – No class (11:00 matinee) November 16 In class: Guest speakers – part of cast/crew for “The Bacchae”. Production project papers due. Discuss background of “The Bacchae”. Homework: See “The Bacchae” and write critique. Act Five November 19 In class: Turn in critique for “The Bacchae” and discuss in class. Homework: Read chapter 19. November 21 & 23 – No classes (Thanksgiving Break) November 26 In class: Homework: November 28 In class: Homework: November 30 In class: Homework: December 3 In class: Homework: December 5 In class: Homework: December 7 In class: Homework: Discuss chapter 19. Read chapter 20. Discuss chapters 19 & 20. Discuss chapter 20. Read chapter 21. Write journal entry #9. Discuss chapter 21. Handout – review sheet for final exam. Begin reviewing for final exam. Discuss chapter 21. Write journal entry #10. Review for final exam. Submit journals. Review for final exam. Study for final exam. Final Exam Wednesday, December 12 10:30am – 12:30pm Final exam will be a written comprehensive exam. Journal Entries Act One 1. Why are you taking this course? Of the various fine arts courses offered, why did you choose this course? What do you expect to gain from this course? 2. How is attending live theatre different from attending a film? Using examples of your last movie theatre experience, discuss how the experience affected your enjoyment of the film. 3. Of the various theatrical jobs discussed in Chapter 5, which one appeals to you the most? Why? Include a discussion of your personality traits and why you think you would do well in this job. Act Two 4. Go online to find ticket information on four current Broadway productions. Print out the information and place it in the folder. 5. Choose one piece of conversation you have overheard in the last 24 hours. Explain the setting and write the conversation out in script format. 6. Actors often discover that they may be asked to do something onstage that would be anathema to them in everyday life. If you were an actor, what would you refuse to do onstage? Do NOT answer “have sex”. If you were in the position of having to do that very thing, what would you do? Act Three 7. The text lists six things that make up good directing. Choose a film or television show that you have seen recently and discuss whether the director met these standards. 8. Look carefully at your room, observing all the things in it, the colors, the arrangement of the furniture. If this room was a set for a play, what would it say about the people who live there? Use examples to make your explanation clear. Act Four No entries Act Five 9. We discussed political theatre in class. Choose one aspect of contemporary life in America (a broad subject, not just specific to college students in Wichita Falls, Texas). Explain how this might make relevant political theatre today. 10. All theatricians are artists. Imagine yourself to be a theatrician. As an artist, what responsibility as an artist would you have to yourself, to theatre, and to the greater world? How would you express that responsibility? Grading of Written Assignments General guidelines: A An essay that is well-developed, show thought and effort, has no major sentence faults, and has few other grammatical or stylistic problems. All assertions and generalizations are supported. B Still a very good essay with sufficient development and interesting content. It has few major sentence faults. C A good paper overall, although perhaps lacking development or support. It has multiple major sentence faults. D or F A problematic paper, generally for one of two reasons 1) lack or support/development or 2) too many grammatical errors. The Writing Proficiency Exam rubric will be used to evaluate written communication skills. Journal Submission Guidelines The following format is to be used for submission of journal entries. a) All entries are to be kept and submitted in one 3 prong, 2 pocket cardboard folder. b) The student’s name must be printed on the upper right corner of the outside of the folder. c) Each entry is to be printed using 12 point New Times Roman font and double spaced. Margins should be no larger than 1” except the left margin which may be 1 ½”. d) The journal is a collection of responses and commentaries. These entries should be 75-150 words in length. e) Each entry should begin with the assigned question and the date of the entry. No other information should be at the top of the page. f) Entries should be written in complete sentences using the attached rubric as a guideline for writing. Production Critique Guidelines The following format is to be used for submission of critiques: h) The critiques are to be submitted in one 3 prong, 2 pocket cardboard folder (NOT the same folder you use for the journal). i) The student’s name must be printed on the upper right corner of the outside of the folder. j) The critique should be 3-4 pages in length. k) Each entry is to be printed using 12 point New Times Roman font and double spaced. Margins should be no larger than 1” except the left margin which may be 1 ½”. l) Critiques should be written in complete sentences using the attached rubric as a guideline. m) Your ticket stub MUST be attached to your critique. I will NOT accept any ticket stub that is not attached properly (either stapled or paper clipped). n) Use a cover page that includes: your name, the name of the play, when and where you saw the production. The following are the guidelines for a production critique: g) Answer these three questions: What is the artist/production trying to do/say? How does the artist do it? Is it worth doing? h) Discuss your opinion of the production, considering the audience reaction, the success of the production as an evening of theatre, and the clarity of the story telling. i) Discuss any and/or all of the following: The actors’ portrayal of their characters What the play says about life The scenery, lighting, costuming, make-up and sound and their impact on the production j) Write and rewrite. Proof carefully. k) Be specific and provide examples. l) Use past tense to describe the action of the play. Critiques are due at the beginning of class, the day after the final performance. Critiques will NOT be accepted at any other time. Not 10 or 15 minutes into class. Not that afternoon. Not the next day. If you are too ill to attend class, send your folder with another student. Writing Proficiency Exam Rubric Satisfactory Essay Thesis Support Organization Paragraph Unity Coherence Development Sentences Controlled Clear Mechanics and Usage Style (University level) Introduction presents a clear and direct thesis statement that indicates the topic and the writer’s position Body paragraphs develop the thesis statement by providing reasons, examples, and details. Essay flows logically from one idea and/or paragraph to the next and creates a coherent whole. Each paragraph develops just one idea clearly stated in a topic sentence. Each paragraph uses appropriate and logical transitional expressions to achieve a smooth flow. Each paragraph provides sufficient details and examples to support the topic sentence. Essay uses complete sentences that are organized into standard patterns. Prose patterns indicate the writer’s control over the content. Essay uses sentences that are understandable. Essay demonstrates reasonable adherence to Standard Written American English. Essay demonstrates a reasonable understanding of rhetorical awareness and uses moderately sophisticated prose. Unsatisfactory Introduction does not provide a thesis statement. Body paragraphs do not maintain focus on thesis, or they provide only general reasons without supporting examples or details. Essay demonstrates no logic or order but instead merely lists a seemingly random list of ideas. Paragraphs have no apparent central topic and demonstrate a lack of focus. Paragraphs lack transitional expressions, and the relationship between the sentences within the paragraph is unclear. Paragraphs provide only general statements and fail to offer specific examples to support topic sentences. Essay lacks organized flow of sentences and instead presents random observations that resemble informal speech. Essay uses sentences that fail to communicate the writer’s ideas. Essay contains excessive grammar and usage errors that interfere with readability. Essay demonstrates a lack of appreciation for the rhetorical situation and uses informal or inappropriate language.