Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The North’s Economy
Section 2: The North’s People
Section 3: Southern Cotton Kingdom
Section 4: The South’s People
Visual Summary
The North’s Economy
Essential Question What innovations in
industry, travel, and communications changed
the lives of Americans in the 1800s?
The North’s People
Essential Question How did immigration have
an impact on cities, industry, and culture in the
North?
Southern Cotton Kingdom
Essential Question How did the South’s
industry and economy differ from the industry
and economy of the North?
The South’s People
Essential Question How did unique elements
of culture develop among enslaved African
Americans in the South?
What innovations in industry, travel,
and communications changed the
lives of Americans in the 1800s?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• clipper ship
• telegraph
• Morse code
Academic Vocabulary
• innovation
• transform
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Elias Howe
• Robert Fulton
• Peter Cooper
• Samuel Morse
• John Deere
• Cyrus McCormick
Which do you think is the most
important innovation of the 1800s?
A. The expanding railway
system
0%
D
0%
C
D. More efficient manufacturing
methods
A
B
C
0%
D
B
C. Faster ships and trains
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
A
B. Faster communication
Technology and Industry
Industry, travel, and
communications greatly expanded
during the 1800s.
Technology and Industry (cont.)
• Innovations in industry and technology
began to change the way Americans worked,
traveled, and communicated.
• Elias Howe invented the sewing machine in
1846, which helped workers produce
clothing on a large scale.
Technology and Industry (cont.)
• Transportation improved greatly between
1800 and 1850.
– Thousands of miles of roadways, railways,
and canals were built.
– Robert Fulton built the first steamboat in
1807.
Railroad Expansion, 1860
Technology and Industry (cont.)
– Improved clipper ships completed the
voyage from New York to Great Britain in
half the time of the older models.
– Peter Cooper designed and built the first
steam locomotive, which transformed
trade in the nation’s interior.
Technology and Industry (cont.)
• Communication also improved with the
invention of the telegraph by Samuel
Morse.
• Telegraph messages were sent in a series of
dots and dashes known as Morse Code.
What happened in the first phase of industrialization in
the North?
A. Factory workers used machinery
to perform some of their work.
B. Manufacturers made products
by dividing the tasks involved
among the workers.
D.
workers together.
0%
D
0%
C
B
A
C.
A. A
Waterpower and steam power
B.
0% B
0%
were used to produce more
C. C
products in less time.
Manufacturers built factories to bring specialized
D. D
Agriculture
Revolutionary inventions in the
1830s changed farming methods,
and agriculture became more
profitable.
Agriculture (cont.)
• In the early 1800s, few farmers wanted to
work the land of the Great Plains because
the land seemed too difficult for farming.
Agriculture (cont.)
• Three inventions enabled settlers to begin
cultivating larger areas of the Midwest.
– John Deere invented the steel-tipped
plow.
– Cyrus McCormick invented the
mechanical reaper
– The mechanical thresher also made
separating wheat grain more efficient.
Why were American farmers reluctant to cultivate large
areas in the Midwest?
A. They feared tornadoes
wiping out their crops
D. The border dispute with
Mexico made the Midwest unstable.
0%
D
C
B
C. They did not have access
to new markets in which to
sell their harvest
A. A
B. B
0%
0%
0%
C. C
D. D
A
B. Their wooden plows
could not break through
the prairie sod.
How did immigration have an impact
on cities, industry, and culture in the
North?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• trade union
• discrimination
• strike
• famine
• prejudice
• nativist
Academic Vocabulary
• community
• license
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Henry Boyd
• Samuel Cornish
• John B. Russwurm
• Macon B. Allen
• Sarah G. Bagley
• Know-Nothing Party
What do you think is the most important
reason people came to the United States
from Europe?
A. To find freedom and liberty
0%
D
0%
C
D. To find adventure
A
B
C
0%
D
B
C. To escape religious
persecution
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
A
B. To find more abundant jobs
Northern Factories
Many workers in the mid-1800s saw
the need for reforms in working
conditions.
Northern Factories (cont.)
• Between 1820 and 1860, America’s
manufacturing shifted to the factory system
with machines taking over more production
tasks.
• Safety, long hours, and poor working
conditions became a major concern for
American factory workers.
• Trade unions, organized to demand rights
for workers, staged strikes when necessary
to put pressure on employers.
Northern Factories (cont.)
• Though the North was largely free of slavery
by the 1830s, prejudice and discrimination
remained.
– Few African Americans were allowed to
vote.
– Most communities would not allow free
African Americans to attend public
schools.
Northern Factories (cont.)
• Some African Americans did become
successful in business, including Henry Boyd,
Samuel Cornish and John B. Russwurm.
• Macon B. Allen became the first African
American licensed to practice law in the
United States.
• Women received less pay than men and were
excluded from unions. Sarah G. Bagley
helped to pave the way for protection for
female workers.
What prompted workers to organize trade
unions?
A. Steadily worsening conditions
and poor pay
0%
0%
D
A
B
0%
C
D
C
A
A.
C. Discrimination against
B.
0%
women and African Americans
C.
in the workforce
D.
D. The rise of the Know-Nothing Party
B
B. Too many immigrants
taking factory jobs
The Rise of Cities
European immigrants often faced
hardships and discrimination when
they settled in Northern cities.
The Rise of Cities (cont.)
• Many people flocked to East Coast cities
where factory work was readily available.
• A terrible famine in Ireland brought more
than 1.4 million Irish immigrants to the
United States between 1846 and 1860.
• Many Germans settled in the Midwest and
western territories.
Immigration in the Mid-1800s
The Rise of Cities (cont.)
• Immigration brought new languages,
cultures, religions, and traditions to the
United States.
• Immigrants faced discrimination from
nativists who feared the newcomers would
take jobs from American-born citizens.
• The American Party, also known as the
Know-Nothing Party, called for
stricter citizenship laws.
Nativism
The American Party was sometimes called the KnowNothing Party because
A. Its opponents believed party
members knew nothing
about the important issues.
B. Party members did not
support education.
D.
nothing about Protestantism.
0%
D
C
B
A
C.
A. A
Party members responded
B. 0%B 0%
0%
to questions about the group
C. C
by saying “I know nothing.”
Party members were mainly Catholics who
D.knew
D
How did the South’s industry and
economy differ from the industry and
economy of the North?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• cotton gin
• capital
Academic Vocabulary
• consequence
• process
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Eli Whitney
• William Gregg
• Joseph Reid Anderson
What do you think contributed most to the
continued use of enslaved workers in the South?
A. The invention of the cotton gin
B. The rise of cotton as the dominant
cash crop in the South
0%
D
0%
C
B
D. The lack of industry and
factory work in the South
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
C. The sparse population of
the South
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom
The economy in the South, unlike
that in the North, remained largely
agricultural.
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (cont.)
• The Southern economy was expanding
rapidly but relied heavily on slavery.
Cotton Production, 1820–1860
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (cont.)
• The invention of the cotton gin by Eli
Whitney dramatically increased the
production of cotton. Whitney’s invention had
important consequences.
– Since the cotton gin processed cotton so
quickly, farmers wanted to plant more
cotton to increase their profits.
Cotton Production, 1820–1860
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (cont.)
– More cotton planted meant that more
slaves were needed to work the fields.
– The value of enslaved people increased
because of their key role in producing
cotton.
Cotton Production, 1820–1860
By how much did Whitney’s cotton gin
increase production of cotton per day?
A. 10 times more
B. 50 times more
0%
D
C
0%
A
D. It did not increase cotton
production at all.
B
C. 100 times more
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
Industry in the South
Industry developed slowly in the
South for a variety of reasons.
Industry in the South (cont.)
• Industry developed slowly in the South for
many reasons.
– Cotton sales were extremely profitable.
– Southerners lacked the capital to invest in
businesses.
Economics & History
Industry in the South (cont.)
– The market for manufactured goods was
small since the large population of
enslaved people had no money to buy
merchandise.
– Many Southerners did not want industry.
• William Gregg and Joseph Reid Anderson
were two rare examples of successful
Southern industrialists.
Economics & History
Industry in the South (cont.)
• Most Southern towns were located on coasts
or along rivers, and few railroads and
roadways were developed.
Economics & History
What was the main reason that the Southern
economy remained largely agricultural?
A. Southerners lacked the
capital to start industries.
B. Cotton sales were very
profitable.
0%
D
C
B
A
A. A
B. 0%
B 0%
C. Southerners refused to
0%
work in factories.
C. C
D. Costs to ship goods to markets wereD.
tooDhigh.
How did unique elements of culture
develop among enslaved African
Americans in the South?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• yeoman
• spiritual
• tenant farmer
• slave codes
• overseer
• literacy
Academic Vocabulary
• legal
• brief
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Nat Turner
• Harriet Tubman
• Frederick Douglass
• Underground Railroad
How interested are you in owning
your own business someday?
A. Very interested
B. Somewhat interested
0%
D
A
0%
C
D. Very uninterested
A. A
B. B
C.
0% C0%
D. D
B
C. Somewhat uninterested
Farms and Plantations
The South had far more small farms
than large plantations.
Farms and Plantations (cont.)
• Most white Southerners were yeomen or
tenant farmers, not large plantation owners.
Southern Population, 1860
Farms and Plantations (cont.)
• Plantations were large estates that
sometimes covered several thousand acres.
– Plantation owners were driven by profits
and cotton prices
– Because plantation owners were often
absent to deal with cotton agents,
plantation wives frequently attended to
plantation business.
– An overseer would supervise the
enslaved workers in the fields.
What group made up the largest
number of whites in the South?
A. Tenant farmers
B. The rural poor
0%
D
A
0%
C
D. Yeomen
A. A
B. B
C.
0% C0%
D. D
B
C. Enslaved workers
Life Under Slavery
Despite their hardships, enslaved
African Americans found methods to
help them cope with their lack of
freedom.
Life Under Slavery (cont.)
• Enslaved African Americans lived without
freedom under brutal conditions.
• Large, close-knit, extended families were a
vital feature of enslaved people’s culture.
• In 1808 Congress outlawed the slave trade,
but slavery remained legal in the United
States
• Christianity became a religion of hope and
resistance, and the spiritual was developed
to express prayer and lament.
Life Under Slavery (cont.)
• Between 1830 and 1860, life under slavery
became even more difficult due to strict laws
known as the slave codes.
• In 1831 Nat Turner led a brief uprising
against whites in Southhampton County,
Virginia.
• Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass
were two African Americans who fled to the
North via the Underground Railroad.
Which of the following was not a part of the slave
codes?
A. Enslaved people were prohibited
from assembling in large groups.
D.
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
0%
D
A
0%
B
C.
A.
An enslaved person must have
B.
a written pass before leaving the
slaveholder’s property.
C.
Engaging in slave trade was made illegal.
D.
C
B. It was a crime to teach enslaved
people to read or write.
City Life and Education
By the mid-1800s, the South had
several large cities, and education
had begun to expand throughout the
region.
City Life and Education (cont.)
• Southern cities along waterways or railway
crossroads grew rapidly.
• Free African Americans were able to
establish their own communities, but their
lives were not secure.
City Life and Education (cont.)
• Because there was no statewide public
education system in most areas, the South
was behind other sections of the country in
literacy.
Which of the following was not a
large Southern city in the mid-1800s?
A. Baltimore
B. New Orleans
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Atlanta
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Pittsburgh
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clipper ship
a fast sailing ship with slender lines,
tall masts, and large square sails
telegraph
a device or system that uses electric
signals to transmit messages by a
code over wires
Morse code
a system for transmitting messages
that uses a series of dots and dashes
to represent the letters of the
alphabet, numbers, and punctuation
innovation
introduce something new
transform
to change
trade union
organization of workers with the same
trade or skill
strike
a stopping of work by workers to force
an employer to meet demands
prejudice
an unfair opinion not based on facts
discrimination
unfair treatment of a group; unequal
treatment because of a person’s race,
religion, ethnic background, or place
of birth
famine
an extreme shortage of food
nativist
a person who favors those born in his
country and is opposed to immigrants
community
group of people living in a particular
place
license
to grant official authority
cotton gin
a machine that removed seeds from
cotton fiber
capital
money for investment
consequence
result or effect of
process
prepare
yeoman
Southern owner of a small farm who
did not have enslaved people
tenant farmer
farmer who works land owned by
another and pays rent either in cash
or crops
spiritual
an African American religious folk
song
slave codes
laws passed in the Southern states
that controlled and restricted
enslaved people
overseer
person who supervises a large
operation or its workers
literacy
ability to read and write
legal
permitted by law
brief
short in duration
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