Organic Molecules
The Chemistry of Life
The molecule illustrated below is a
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Regulatory lipid
Storage lipid
Structural lipid
Dipeptide
Disaccharide
I.
Overview
• A. Limited number of elements are found in
organic molecules
• B. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur,
Phosphate
• C. Four major classes of organic molecules with
different functions
–
–
–
–
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
II. General categories of reactions
• A. Anabolic reactions
• B. Catabolic
reactions
III. Carbohydrates
• A. Introduction
– Elements found
– Generalized formula suggested by name
– Names often end in –ose
– Generally concerned with energy usage and
storage
– Some carbohydrates are structural
III. Carbohydrates
• B. Monosaccharides
– 1.
– 2.
– 3.
– 4.
trioses, pentoses, and hexoses
hexoses most common
examples are glucose, fructose, and
galactose
structural isomers of each other
Examples of monosaccharides
III. Carbohydrates
• 5. Hexose sugars
exist either as straight
chains or rings
III. Carbohydrates
• B. Disaccharides
– 1.
two monosaccharides joined by a
dehydration synthesis
– 2.
three specific examples of
dissacharides to memorize
• Sucrose
• Maltose
• Lactose
Example of dissacharide formation
Two examples of the disaccharides
The empirical formula of a
disaccharide is C12H24O12.
1. True
2. False
What is the correct answer?
III. Carbohydrates
• C. Polysaccharides
– 1.
– 2.
– 3.
Structure
Examples
Why the
name?
IV. Lipids-three types
• A. Storage lipids (a.k.a.fat)
– 1.
– 2.
– 3.
• a.
• b.
component parts
glycerol
three fatty acids
saturated
unsaturated
Storage lipid synthesis
Difference between saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids
IV. Lipids-three types
• B. Structural lipids
(phospholipids)
– 1.
– 2.
structure
membrane
IV. Lipids-three types
• B. Structural lipids
(phospholipids)
– 3. form a bilayer of
membrane
– 4. fatty acid tails are
hydrophobic
– 5. try to get as far
away from water as
possible
IV. Lipids-three types
• C. Regulatory lipids
– 1. Examples-based
on cholesterol
IV. Lipids-three types
• C. Regulatory lipids
– 3. estrogen and
testosterone
IV. Lipids-three types
• C. Regulatory lipids
– 4. notice that these
don’t share common
structure of first two
– 5. share in common
that they dissolve in
organic solvents
V. Proteins
• A. Composed of
monomer called
amino acid
V. Proteins
• A. Composed of
monomer called
amino acid
– 1. some amino acids
are nonpolar
V. Proteins
• A. Composed of
monomer called
amino acid
– 1. some amino acids
are polar
– 2. others are polar
V. Proteins
• B. Peptide bond
formation
– 1. dehydration
synthesis
V. Proteins
• C. Levels of protein
structure
– 1.
– 2.
primary
secondary
V. Proteins
• C. Levels of protein
structure
– 3.
tertiary
V. Proteins
• C. Levels of protein
structure
– 4. Quaternary
V. Proteins
D. Types of protein
1. fibrous
2. globular
V. Proteins
• E. Importance of
primary structure and
shape