Kidney Ch 15
1. What is the overall function of the kidney?
2. Know the basic regions of the kidney and the order of urine flow.
3. Know the tubular and vascular parts of the nephron and the basic function of each part.
4. Describe the processes of filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and elimination. What structures, filters,
membrane channels, ion pumps and proteins are involved in each process? Be specific.
5. What is GFR?
6. How is the glomerular filtration pressure regulated?
7. What is osmolarity and how does it vary in different parts of the kidney (medulla vs. cortex).
8. How does the kidney use osmotic gradients to concentrate or dilute urine? What role does ADH have
in these processes?
Central endocrine glands Ch 18
1. Define a hormone. How are hormone levels regulated in the blood?
2. Memorize Table 18-2 Glands, hormones, function, protein or steroid.
3. Memorize second messenger systems and steroid mechanism of action.
4. What are synergism, antagonism, and permissiveness?
5. Draw a detailed diagram of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. What is the physical relationship
between the two? How do chemical/neural signals travel from one to the other?
6. Describe the function, regulation, and effects of growth hormone. What problems arise from
hyper/hyposecretion of GH?
Peripheral endocrine glands Ch 19
1. Describe and /or sketch the process of thyroid hormone synthesis and release.
2. What are the major effects of thyroid hormone? How is it regulated?
3. Describe the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy and location of the thyroid gland.
4. Give a basic description of hypo/hyper thyroid conditions. What causes each? What are the
symptoms and effects of each?
5. Describe the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy and location of the adrenal gland.
6. List every hormone produced each layer of the adrenal gland. Give the effects/functions for each
hormone.
7. What is the RAAS system? What is it important? What role does the adrenal gland play in the
system?
8. Describe the general adaptation syndrome.
9. How is cortisol release regulated?
10. How is epi/norepinephrine regulated? What are the effects of epi/norepinephrine? How do they
influence alpha and beta receptors?
12. Describe the hormone systems involved in the stress response (vasopressin, epi/norepi, cortisol,
insulin, glucagon, RAAS hormones)
13. Describe the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the pancreas . Where is it located in the
body? Describe each hormone produced and give its function.
14. How do hormones control fuel metabolism? Which are anabolic vs. catabolic? Know table 19-4 and
figure 19.13. Describe diabetes.
15.Explain hormonal control of calcium metabolism.