Chapter 18
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
Anatomy and Physiology Review
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Hypothalamus
Pituitary glands
Gonads
Adrenal glands
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Pancreas
Hormone-Receptor Binding
Positive and Negative Feedback
System
Negative Feedback
• Gland X releases hormone X this stimulates target cells to
release hormone Y
• When there is an excess of hormone Y gland X senses this and
inhibits it release of hormone X
Hypothalamus
Endocrine Glands: Adrenal Glands
• Adrenal cortex—mineralocorticoids (aldosterone),
corticosteroids (cortisol)
• Adrenal medulla—catecholamines (norepinephrine and
epinephrine)
Thyroid Gland
• Control of metabolism
• Calcium and phosphorus balance
Parathyroid Gland
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• Calcium
• Phosphorous
Pancreas
Assessment Methods
• Patient history
• Nutrition history
• Family history
• Genetic risk
• Current health problems
Assessment Methods
• Current health problems including any changes in:
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Energy levels
Elimination
Sexual and reproductive functions
Physical appearance
Physical Assessment
• Examine for:
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Prominent forehead or jaw
Round or puffy face
Dull or flat expression
Exophthalmos
Vitiligo
Abdominal Striae
Hirsutism
Palpation
Only gland that can be palpated
Laboratory Tests
• Stimulation/suppression tests
• Assays
• Allows for many different hormones to be analyzed at the same
time
• Urine tests
• 24 hour
• Tests for glucose
• HbA1C
• Imaging assessment
• Other diagnostic assessment
• Needle biopsy
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