Skeletal System
Skeletal System
• The Basics
Skeletal System
• The Basics
– provides support and
shape to the body
Skeletal System
• The Basics
– provides support and
shape to the body
– protects delicate
internal organs
Skeletal System
• The Basics
– provides support and
shape to the body
– protects delicate
internal organs
– acts as a system of
levers on which
muscles act to
produce movement
Skeletal System
• The Basics
– provides support and
shape to the body
– protects delicate
internal organs
– acts as a system of
levers on which
muscles act to
produce movement
– stores minerals
Skeletal System
• The Basics
– provides support and
shape to the body
– protects delicate
internal organs
– acts as a system of
levers on which
muscles act to
produce movement
– stores minerals
– site of blood cell
formation
Skeletal System
• The Basics
– provides support and
shape to the body
– protects delicate
internal organs
– acts as a system of
levers on which
muscles act to
produce movement
– stores minerals
– site of blood cell
formation
The Structure of Bone
The Structure of Bone
• Periosteum - a tough
membrane that
covers the bone
The Structure of Bone
• Periosteum - a tough
membrane that
covers the bone
• Compact bone - dense
bone tissue similar to
ivory
The Structure of Bone
• Periosteum - a tough
membrane that
covers the bone
• Compact bone - dense
bone tissue similar to
ivory
• Spongy bone - adds
strength to bones
without adding mass
The Structure of Bone
• Periosteum - a tough
membrane that
covers the bone
• Compact bone - dense
bone tissue similar to
ivory
• Spongy bone - adds
strength to bones
without adding mass
• Marrow in center
The Structure of Bone
• Periosteum - a tough
membrane that
covers the bone
• Compact bone - dense
bone tissue similar to
ivory
• Spongy bone - adds
strength to bones
without adding mass
• Marrow in center
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Anatomy of a Bone
• Color and label the
worksheet by
referring to the
slide prior to this
one
Healing Bones
• Healing takes place in
periosteum, with thin layer
of blood vessels and
nerves covering the bone
• Area inflamed and cleans
away dead tissue and new
cells (osteoblasts) move in
to make repair
• Bone is stronger and
callus is built up over
damaged area
How are bones formed?
How are bones formed?
• Bones are made of
living tissue osteocytes
How are bones formed?
• Bones are made of
living tissue osteocytes
• Ossification - process
of osteocytes adding
calcium to cartilage
How are bones formed?
• Bones are made of
living tissue osteocytes
• Ossification - process
of osteocytes adding
calcium to cartilage
• Osteocytes can either
add or remove
calcium salts
How are bones formed?
• Bones are made of living
tissue – osteocytes (bone
cells)
• Ossification - process of
osteocytes adding
calcium to cartilage
• Osteocytes can either add
or remove calcium salts
• Lacuna: small pockets
found b/w sheets of
calcified matrix called
lamellae
Keeping Bone Tissue Healthy
Keeping Bone Tissue Healthy
• Haversian canals are
tubes through bone
tissue.
Keeping Bone Tissue Healthy
• Haversian canals are
tubes through bone
tissue.
• Blood vessels and
nervous tissue are
found in the Haversian
canals
Keeping Bone Tissue Healthy
• Haversian canals are
tubes through bone
tissue.
• Blood vessels and
nervous tissue are
found in the Haversian
canals
• Osteocytes are
nourished by these
blood vessels
Keeping Bone Tissue Healthy
• Haversian canals (osteons) are
tubes through bone tissue.
• Blood vessels and nervous
tissue are found in the
Haversian canals
• Osteocytes are nourished by
these blood vessels
• Canaliculi: small channels
radiate through matrix
interconnecting lacunae
(small pockets that have bone
cells) and linking them to blood
vessels
How bones grow!
How bones grow!
• Long bones (like those
of arms & legs) - have
growth plates at
either end
How bones grow!
• Long bones (like those
of arms & legs) - have
growth plates at
either end
• The cartilage in the
growth plates cause
bones to lengthen
How bones grow!
• Long bones (like those
of arms & legs) - have
growth plates at
either end
• The cartilage in the
growth plates cause
bones to lengthen
• Cartilage is then
ossified becoming
bone
How bones grow!
• Long bones (like those
of arms & legs) - have
growth plates at
either end
• The cartilage in the
growth plates cause
bones to lengthen
• Cartilage is then
ossified becoming
bone
How bones grow!
• Long bones (like those
of arms & legs) - have
growth plates at
either end
• The cartilage in the
growth plates cause
bones to lengthen
• Cartilage is then
ossified becoming
bone
Bone Classification p.136
•
•
•
•
•
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
*color at least 2 of
each on your
worksheet!
Connecting Bones Together
Connecting Bones Together
• While bone is strong
structurally it is a soft
material that wears
easily
Connecting Bones Together
• While bone is strong
structurally it is a soft
material that wears
easily
• Cartilage at ends of
bone prevent bone on
bone wear
Connecting Bones Together
• While bone is strong
structurally it is a soft
material that wears
easily
• Cartilage at ends of
bone prevent bone on
bone wear
• Ligaments hold bones
together
Connecting Bones Together
• While bone is strong
structurally it is a soft
material that wears
easily
• Cartilage at ends of
bone prevent bone on
bone wear
• Ligaments hold bones
together
Joint Movement
Stick Figure
• Fill out matching
on joint movements
worksheet
• Make stick figure
perform
movements
Different types of joints.
Different types of joints.
• Fixed joints - found in
skull do not allow
movement . These
are also called suture
joints because of their
jagged appearance
Different types of joints.
• Fixed joints - found in
skull do not allow
movement . These
are also called suture
joints because of their
jagged appearance
Different types of joints.
• Hinged joints - like
those found in the
knee provide
movement similar to a
door hinge
Different types of joints.
• Hinged joints - like
those found in the
knee provide
movement similar to a
door hinge
Different types of joints.
• Hinged joints - like
those found in the
knee provide
movement similar to a
door hinge
• Allow for flexion and
extension
• Ex: humeroulnar
(elbow)
Hinge Joint Examples
• Knee
• Ankle
• Interphalangeal
Different types of joints.
• Ball and socket joints
- like those found in
the shoulder and hips
allow for movement in
all directions
Different types of joints.
• Ball and socket joints
- like those found in
the shoulder and hips
allow for movement in
all directions
Different types of joints.
• Ball and socket joints
- like those found in
the shoulder and hips
allow for movement in
all directions
Different types of joints.
• Ball and socket joints
- like those found in
the shoulder and hips
allow for movement in
all directions – true
circumduction and
rotation
• Ex: Hip (acetabulum
and head of femur)
Ball and Socket Examples
• Scapula and
humerus
Different types of joints.
• Gliding joints - like
those found in the
back allow small
movements between
bones, flat surfaces
meet, no rotation, only
sliding of one bone
over another
Different types of joints.
• Gliding joints - like
those found in the
back allow small
movements between
bones, flat surfaces
meet, no rotation, only
sliding of one bone
over another
Different types of joints.
• Gliding joints - like
those found in the
back allow small
movements between
bones, flat surfaces
meet, no rotation, only
sliding motion of one
bone over another
Different types of joints.
• Gliding joints - like
those found in the
back allow small
movements between
bones, flat surfaces
meet, no rotation, only
sliding of one bone
over another
• Ex: facet joints of
vertebrate
Gliding Joints Examples
*Acromioclavicular
(manubrium and
clavicle – ends of
clavicle)
*between carpals and
tarsals (intercarpal
and intertarsal)
Saddle Joint
• Convex surface
meets concave,
like rider on a
saddle
• No rotation
• Movement includes
circumduction and
angular
movements
Saddle Joint Examples
• Thumb
(carpometacarpal
joint between 1st
metacarpal and
trapezium)
Different types of joints.
• Pivot joints - like the
one found at the
elbow end of the
radius arm bone,
allows rotational
movement
Different types of joints.
• Pivot joints - like the
one found at the
elbow end of the
radius arm bone,
allows rotational
movement
Different types of joints.
• Pivot joints - like the
one found at the
elbow end of the
radius arm bone allow
rotational movement
• Pronation and
supination of hand
(radial humeral and
radial ulnar)
Pivot Joint Examples
• C1/C2 atlas/axis
Ellipsoidal Joint
• Oval articular face
fits within a
depression on
opposing surface
Example: Human
Wrist
Ellipsoidal Joint Examples
• Phalanges of toes
with metatarsals
• Phalanges of
fingers with
metacarpal
• temporamandibular
• Wrist (radiocarpal)
Different types of joints.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fixed
Hinged
Ball and Socket
Saddle
Gliding
Pivot
Ellipsoidal
How many bones do you have?
How many bones do you have?
• Human adults have
206 bones
How many bones do you have?
• Human adults have
206 bones
• Human infants have
more bones, 275 at
birth
How many bones do you have?
• Human adults have
206 bones
• Human infants have
more bones, 275 at
birth
• As infants age some of
their bones fuse
together forming the
206 bones of an adult
How many bones do you have?
• Human adults have
206 bones
• Human infants have
more bones, 275 at
birth
• As infants age some of
their bones fuse
together forming the
206 bones of an adult
How strong are bones?
How strong are bones?
• Bone has the strength
of steel with only one
fifth the weight
How strong are bones?
• Bone has the strength
of steel with only one
fifth the weight
• But bones do break
How strong are bones?
• Bone has the strength of
steel with only one fifth
the weight (calcium
phosphate is 2/3 wt. 1/3
is collagen ,
osteocytes,
and other cell
types
• But bones do
break
How strong are bones?
• Bone has the strength
of steel with only one
fifth the weight
• And your skeleton
shape can be changed
The parts of the skeleton
• COLOR CODE ON
YOUR
WORKSHEET!
The parts of the skeleton
• The axial skeleton
The parts of the skeleton
• The axial skeleton
• Supports brain, spinal
cord, and organs in
ventral cavity
The parts of the skeleton
• The axial skeleton
– includes:
– 1-- skull
• cranium 8 bones
The parts of the skeleton
• The axial skeleton
– includes:
– 1-- skull
•
cranium 8 bones
• face 14 bones
The parts of the skeleton
• The axial skeleton
– includes:
– 1-- skull
•
•
cranium 8 bones
face 14 bones
• hyoid 1 bone (u shaped
bone – base for
muscles of larynx,
tongue, pharynx
• ears 6 bones
The parts of the skeleton
• The axial skeleton
– includes:
– 2 -- Vertebral Column
• spine 24 bones (C7, T12,
L5)
• sacrum 1 bone
• coccyx 1 bone
The parts of the skeleton
• The axial skeleton
– includes:
– 3 -- Thorax
• ribs 24 bones
• sternum 1 bone
The parts of the skeleton
• The appendicular
skeleton
The parts of the skeleton
• The appendicular
skeleton
– this is the system of
bones that include the
limbs and the bones
that attach them to the
axial skeleton
The parts of the skeleton
• The appendicular
skeleton
– Includes:
• pectoral girdle
• 2 scapula, right and left
• 2 clavicle, right and left
The parts of the skeleton
• The appendicular
skeleton
– Includes:
•
pectoral girdle
• upper limbs
–
–
–
–
–
–
2 humerus
2 ulna
2 radius
16 carpals
10 metacarpals
28 phalanges
The parts of the skeleton
• The appendicular
skeleton
– Includes:
•
pectoral girdle
• upper limbs
–
–
–
–
–
–
2 humerus
2 ulna
2 radius
16 carpals
10 metacarpals
28 phalanges
The parts of the skeleton
• The appendicular
skeleton
– Includes:
•
pectoral girdle
• upper limbs
–
–
–
–
–
–
2 humerus
2 ulna
2 radius
16 carpals
10 metacarpals
28 phalanges
The parts of the skeleton
• The appendicular
skeleton
– Includes:
•
pectoral girdle
•
upper limbs
• pelvic girdle 2 bones
The parts of the skeleton
• The appendicular
skeleton
– Includes:
•
pectoral girdle
•
•
upper limbs
pelvic girdle 2 bones
• lower limbs
The parts of the skeleton
• The appendicular
skeleton
– Includes:
•
pectoral girdle
•
•
upper limbs
pelvic girdle 2 bones
• lower limbs
– femur 2 bones
The parts of the skeleton
• The appendicular
skeleton
– Includes:
•
pectoral girdle
•
•
upper limbs
pelvic girdle 2 bones
• lower limbs
– femur 2 bones
– patella 2 bones
» (knee)
The parts of the skeleton
• The appendicular
skeleton
– Includes:
•
pectoral girdle
•
•
upper limbs
pelvic girdle 2 bones
• lower limbs
– femur 2 bones
– patella 2 bones
– lower leg
» tibia 2 bones
» fibula 2 bones
The parts of the skeleton
• The appendicular
skeleton
– Includes:
•
pectoral girdle
•
•
upper limbs
pelvic girdle 2 bones
• lower limbs
– femur 2 bones
– patella 2 bones
– lower leg
– ankle/foot
» tarsals 14 bones
» metatarsals 10
» phalanges 28
bones