MR. BRINKMAN’S POWERPOINT
FOR THE TREES AND PLANTS OF
KENTUCKY
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
PLANT CELLS
Major differences that plant cells
Have the animal cells do not.
1.
2.
3.
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chlorophyll
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flowers
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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flowers
PHOTOSYNTHESIS FORMULA
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flowers
CALVIN CYCLE
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
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flowers
KREBS CYCLE
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
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flowers
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• The light reactions
convert solar energy
to chemical energy
Light
Chloroplast
– Produce ATP & NADPH
• The Calvin cycle makes
sugar from carbon dioxide
– ATP generated by the light
reactions provides the energy for
sugar synthesis
– The NADPH produced by the light
reactions provides the electrons
for the reduction of carbon
dioxide to glucose
NADP
ADP
+P
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
ANATOMY OF A TREE
Crown= Where the leaves
are located and the tree
carries out photosynthesis
Trunk= Support and Water
+ Sugar transport via roots
to trunk or crown to trunk.
Roots= Mineral and water
absorption, and anchors
the tree.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
ANATOMY OF A PLANT
ROOTS: ANCHORS PLANTS,
ABSORBS MINERALS AND
WATERS
STEMS; ALLOWS MINERALS,
WATER, AND SUGAR TO
TRANSFER.
LEAVES: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
ANATOMY OF A
LEAF
CUTICLE= WAXY
COATING ON UPPER
PART OF LEAF
STOMATA= OPENING
ON BOTTOM SIDE OF
LEAF FOR GAS AND
H20 EXCHANGE
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flowers
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
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the flowers
HOW TO KEY TREES
• The first step in tree identification is knowing that there are always
distinguishing characteristics that separate one tree species from another.
By examining different tree parts you will be able to confidently identify
the different trees around your school. This will require some careful
detective work on your part, but it should be fun and easy.
• Here are some clues that you will need to examine:
• TREE TYPE --Deciduous or Conifer? Tree or a shrub? Determining these
things starts you off on your way to tree identification.
• LEAF --Leaves are often the easiest way to identify most trees. Are the
leaves arranged in an opposite or alternate pattern?
• BARK --Bark can be helpful for identifying some types of trees.
• FRUIT --The wide variety of fruit shapes makes them useful when
identifying trees.
• TWIG --You can actually tell a lot just by looking at the twig.
• FORM --The way a tree grows can tell you a great deal about a tree.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
Keying Certain Trees and Plants
• Questions to ask your self!
• Does the tree loose its leaves in
fall?(Deciduous)
• Does the tree keep leaves all year long?
(Coniferous)
• Does the plant survive only 1 year? (annual)
• Does the plant come back every year
(Perennial)
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flowers
Common Trees in Kentucky
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1. American Beech
2. American Holly
3. American Linden
4. Black Locust
5. Black Walnut
6. Bur Oak
7. Eastern White Pine
8. Eastern Hemlock
9. Honey locust
10. Kentucky Coffeetree
11. Northern Catalpa
12. Northern Red Oak
13. Ohio Buckeye
14. Red Maple
15. River Birch
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Sassafras
Sugar Maple
Sweet Birch
Sycamore
Tulip Poplar
Virginia Pine
White Ash
White Oak
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
AMERICAN BEECH
American beech is the only
member of the Fagus genus that is
native to North America. It is
probably best known for its very
smooth, gray bark that usually has
someone's initials carved into it.
American beech is a slow-growing,
long-lived species that may survive
for 300 to 400 years. It makes an
excellent shade tree.
AMERICAN HOLLY
The holly family, Aquifoliaceae, is widely used
for landscaping all over the world and in
holiday decorations. Holly is chosen for its
decorative value because of the thick, dark
green, year-round foliage and its red berries.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
AMERICAN LINDEN
Most often seen at 40 to 50 feet in
height with a spread of 35 to 40 feet,
American Linden or Basswood is
capable of reaching 80 to 100 feet or
more. The tree is pyramidal when
young but develops into a striking
specimen with an upright, oval
canopy atop a tall, straight trunk.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
BLACK LOCUST
DESCRIPTION: Black locust is a leguminous
deciduous tree that grows from 30 to 80 feet
tall. It is often attacked by stem borers and
other insects, causing deformed growth and
dieback. It has a shallow, fibrous root system
and spreads by underground rhizomes. Young
saplings have smooth, green bark; older trees
have deep, furrowed, shaggy, dark bark with
flat-topped ridges. Leaves are alternate and
pinnately compound with 7 to 21 leaflets.
Black locust commonly occurs in disturbed
habitats like pastures, degraded woods,
thickets, old fields, and roadsides
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
BLACK WALNUT
The Eastern Black Walnut (species: Juglans
nigra) is a tree in the Hickory family that is
prized for its high value wood. It is a close
relative of the "English Walnut" (also called the
Persian Walnut) which is the primary Walnut
species for edible Walnuts. It is native to much
of central and eastern North America and has
been introduced into Europe for several
centuries
The fruits of the Black walnut are edible but
have smaller meats and are harder to harvest
than those of the English walnut. Black walnut
fruits are harvested mostly from wild trees.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
BUR OAK
The Tree: Native throughout the state on a
great variety of soil types, it is drought
resistant, perfectly hardy, slow growing, and
may live for as many as 400 years on the best
sites. The bur oak has a tremendous tap root
Wildlife Value: Excellent, used for cover and
food (acorns, twigs, buds, bark) source to
numerous wildlife, including waterfowl,
marshbirds, shorebirds, upland game, song
birds, rodents, game animals, and hoofed
browsers
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
EASTERN WHITE PINE
Needles soft, flexible, bluegreen; 2"-4" long, 3-sided, in
bundles of five. Evergreen.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
EASTERN HEMLOCK
Native Americans used the bark of the
hemlock, which has a high concentration of
tannic acid, to make a tea that was used to
treat coughs and to apply to cuts and
wounds. The early settlers used it as a source
of lumber and tannin, an industry that peaked
between 1890 and 1910. Hundreds of leather
tanneries were established in Eastern Canada
and New England. Over the last several
decades, the woolly adelgid, an insect pest
from Asia, has decimated the hemlock stands
of the southern Appalachians
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
HONEY LOCUST
The scientific name of the honey locust tree is
Gleditsia triacanthos inermis. It is a deciduous,
perennial tree and is native to North America,
especially the eastern regions. It is commonly
called the Sweet Bean, Sweet Locust and
Honeyshuck. The honey locust tree has a wide
canopy and this helps grass to grow in its
shade. It has a rapid growth rate and lives up
to an average age of 100 years
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE
Kentucky coffee tree is a large
round-barked tree belonging to the
legume family and reaches heights
of 60 to 100 feet
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
NORTHERN CATALPA
Farmers introduced Northern Catalpa to Ohio
in order to produce large amounts of relatively
lightweight timber for fenceposts, since the
wood is very resistant to rotting. Its rapid
growth rate assisted in this need (along with
other trees, like Black Locust and OsageOrange) until metal fenceposts were
developed and largely replaced wooden
fenceposts.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
NORTHERN RED OAK
Alternate, simple, 5 to 8
inches long, oblong in
shape with 7 to 11 bristletipped lobes, sinuses
extend 1/3 to 1/2 of the
way to midvein, generally
very uniform in shape, dull
green to blue-green above
and paler below.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
OHIO BUCKEYE
Ohio Buckeye, the state tree of Ohio, is
found primarily as an understory tree in
the western half of Ohio, where the
soils are more alkaline in pH. However,
it is scattered throughout the eastern
half of the state, except in extreme
northeastern and extreme
southeastern Ohio. Its lightweight
wood is used in the production of
artificial limbs, and the holding of a
"buckeye nut" in one's pocket is
considered good luck
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
RED MAPLE
Leaves simple, opposite, and palmate, with
triangular lobes and doubly toothed edges;
2½"-4" long and nearly as wide.
Surface unfolding reddish, gradually
turning to green; paler underneath. Veins
retain reddish tint all summer.
Leafstalk red
Fall Collor yellow, orange, or scarlet red.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
RIVER BIRCH
Although not of great commercial importance,
manufacturers sometimes use it for furniture
and woodenware. It also is planted for its
ornamental value and is very effective in
preventing stream bank erosion.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
SASSAFRAS
The roots are used for tea and
root beer; the leaves for
thickening soups (gumbo).
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
SUGAR MAPLE
is the most abundant of the seven
maple species found in New York State,
and is common throughout New
England, the Lake States, Mid-Atlantic
states, and several Canadian
provinces. Its historical and economical
importance, both in the production of
maple syrup and as a timber species,
has earned sugar maple its status as the
official state tree of New York. The
sugar maple leaf on the Canadian flag is
evidence of this species' importance in
Canada.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
SWEET BIRCH
The wood is also unique. When
exposed to air it darkens to a color
resembling mahogany and, in
times past, was used as an
inexpensive substitute for the
more valued tropical wood
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
SYCAMORE
Although not the tallest, this probably
is the largest in diameter of trees in
the eastern United States
The native sycamore has a grand branch
display and its bark is unique among all trees you can always identify a sycamore just by
looking at the bark. The alternate maplelooking leaves are large and also unique to
those familiar with sycamore.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
TULIP POPLAR
The tulip poplar
(Lirodendroan
tulipifera) was
designated official
state tree of
Kentucky in 1994.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
VIRGINIA PINE
Virginia Pine – Pinus virginiana – dark
green needles are 1 ½” – 3” long in twisted
pairs; strong branches enabling it to hold
heavy ornaments; strong aromatic pine
scent; a popular southern Christmas tree
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
WHITE ASH
The white ash is also known as American Biltmore or
cane ash. This tree is most famous for being the best
wood for baseball bats and other sports equipment
such as tennis racquets, hockey sticks, polo mallets,
and playground structures. The reasons for white ash
being the most popular wood for these items is that
it is tough and does not break under large amounts
of strain. This wood can be bent into different shapes
without losing its strength and is quite light. There
are numerous other uses for white ash wood
including church pews, bowling alley flooring, garden
and porch furniture, and cabinets.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
WHITE OAK
The acorns of the White Oak are prized by
wildlife and were used by Native Americans as
food. They are the sweetest acorn of the Oaks
and deer will eat them before any other acorn.
As long as there are White Oak acorns
remaining other acorns will remain pretty
much untouched
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
POISON IVY
BEWARE!!
A woody vine that may occur as a weed of
landscapes, woods, fencerows, pastures, and
hay fields. Poison ivy is the major cause of
allergenic dermatitis in the eastern United
States, which causes inflammation, blistering,
and itching of the skin. The plant sap contains
a chemical called urushiol, which is found
within ducts in the leaves, flowers, stems, and
roots of this weed. When poison ivy plants are
bruised or damaged, this chemical is emitted
onto the leaf and stem surfaces where humans
and animals may come into contact with it.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
POISON SUMAC
BEWARE
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flowers
POISON OAK
BEWARE!!
Poison oak has leaves that look like oak leaves,
usually with three leaflets but sometimes up to
seven leaflets per leaf group. It grows as a vine
or a shrub. Poison oak is more common in the
western United States, but it is also found in
the eastern United States and, rarely, in the
Midwest.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
Common Plants to Kentucky
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1. Creeping Flox
2. Marsh Marigold
3. Spider Lily
4. Meadow Flox
5. Purple Milkweed
6. Wild Bergamont
7. Blue Vervain
8. Rattlesnake Master
9. Willow Aster
10. Swamp Aster
11. Virginia Wild Rye
12. River Oats
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Elderberry
Silky Dogwood; pictured below
Indigo Bush
Virginia Sweetspire
Red Chokeberry
Black Chokeberry
Carolina Buckthorn
Switch Grass
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
CREEPING FLOX
In spring, creeping phlox plants produce small
flowers in dense clusters. If massed together as
a groundcover, creeping phlox plants make a
powerful landscaping statement. The colors
available are red, white, blue, pink, rose,
lavender, purple or variegated
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
MARSH MARIGOLD
Marsh Marigold
Caltha palustris •
Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)
• Habitat: swamps, stream edges
• Height: 8-24 inches
• Flower size: 1 to 1-1/2 inches across
• Flower color: yellow
• Flowering time: April to June
• Origin: native
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
SPIDER LILY
The leaves of Spider Lily grow in 6 leaf clusters
and are present in spring but are gone by the
time of flowering in the summer season. The
flower stem is about 2 feet high and each
stem has several flowers.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
MEADOW FLOX
Common name:
Meadow Phlox
Mauve-pink flower heads on top
of sturdy stems with thick, glossy
leaves. The stems are somewhat
hairy and sometimes have red
mottling. Meadow Phlox blooms
earlier than Tall Phlox (Phlox
paniculata), has darker green
leaves and better mildew
resistance. Flowers are fragrant
and attract butterflies and
hummingbirds.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
PURPLE MILKWEED
Importance as a caterpillar food source: Like
all milkweeds, purple milkweed is a food
source for the Monarch caterpillar. Plant for
plant, purple milkweed does not produce as
much foliage as other milkweeds, such as
swamp milkweed, and therefore does not
provide as great a food source for caterpillars.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
WILD BERGAMONT
The nectar of the flowers attracts longtongued bees, bee flies, butterflies,
skippers, and hummingbird moths. Among
the long-tongued bees, are such visitors as
bumblebees, Miner bees, Epeoline Cuckoo
bees, and large Leaf-Cutting bees
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
BLUE VERVAIN
The blue vervain or verbena is a
creeping perennial of the mint family,
bearing numerous, small lilac-blue
flowers. The term vervain comes from
the Celtic ferfaen, from fer (to drive
away) and faen (a stone), referring to
the plants historical use in treating
kidney stones. Verbena hastata is native
to North America and is incredibly
similar in appearance and properties to
its European cousin Verbena officinalis,
whom it is often mistaken for. It grows
with wild abandon in the Great Plains
section of America, and can be found
elsewhere on prairies, in meadows, and
open woodlands. The Dakota tribe’s
name for it translates as "medicine". It
was used by Native Americans for colds,
coughs, fevers, and stomach cramps.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
RATTLESNAKE MASTER
This unique plant is a botanical enigma. The
leaves look like yucca, and the flowers appear
to be from an alien planet. It’s actually a
member of the Parsley Family. The distinctive,
waxy-green foliage lends the plant a bit of an
unusual air, and the white "spiky golf ball"
flowers that show up in July are truly unique.
Makes an excellent specimen, planted
individually or in groups of three. Native
Americans brewed a tea of the root as an
antidote to rattlesnake venom. Does best in
medium and dry limy soils, reaching a height of
three to five feet. For best results, plant seeds
in the fall
It doesn't attract rattlesnakes! The
name is derived from an old belief
that the roots could be used to
and come from the
heal rattlesnake bites. Fruits contain seeds
flowers
WILLOW ASTER
This native perennial plant is 2-5' tall,
branching occasionally. The larger stems are
occasionally reddish, and have lines of white
hairs. The alternate leaves are up to 5½" long
and ¾" across, becoming smaller and narrower
as they ascend up the stems. They are
lanceolate, narrowly ovate, or linear, and have
smooth margins. Underneath, the leaves are
whitish green with a reticulate network of fine
veins that is quite conspicuous. The
inflorescence is large and pyramidal,
containing numerous daisy-like composite
flowers from ½–1" across. Each flower has 2030 lavender or light blue ray florets
surrounding numerous yellow disk florets that
eventually become reddish purple. The
blooming period occurs from early to mid-fall,
and lasts about a month. There is no
noticeable floral scent.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
SWAMP ASTER
This native perennial wildflower is 1½–6' tall,
branching occasionally along the upper half of
its length. The rather stout stems are light
green to reddish purple (often the latter),
terete to slightly grooved, and evenly covered
with stiff spreading hairs. The alternate leaves
are up to 6" long and 1¾" across, becoming
gradually smaller along the upper half of each
plant
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
VIRGINIA WILD RYE
Several stink bugs are known to feed
on Virginia Wild Rye (and many
other plants), including Brochymena
quadripustulata (Rough Stink Bug),
Chinavia hilare (Green Stink Bug),
Coenus delia (Stink Bug sp.; a.k.a.
Coenus delius), and Euschistus
servus (Brown Stink Bug). When
Virginia Wild Rye grows near
wetlands, the seedheads are
sometimes eaten by ducks (the
Mallard and Lesser Scaup), while
Canada Geese feed on the foliage.
Prior to the development of its
awned seedheads, this grass is also
palatable to cattle, horses, and
other livestock.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
RIVER OATS
The native range of River Oats
is Pennsylvania and New Jersey
to Illinois and Kansas, south to
Florida and Texas. Formerly
known as Uniola latifolia,
this very attractive grass
grows best in areas which are
known to flood.
The related Northern Sea Oats
is also called River Oats, Inland
Sea Oats, Wild Oats and
Broadleaf Spike Grass
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
Common Elderberry is a
large shrub which can
grow up to 16 feet tall.
It usually grows in wet
areas, such as marshes,
or forest edges.
The leaves of elderberry
have 5 to 11 leaflets
(smaller mini-leaves) on
a stem.
Common Elderberry
flowers are in clusters.
Each flower in the
cluster is tiny and white.
They bloom in May and
June. Flower clusters
look a lot like the
wildflower known as
Queen Anne's Lace.
ELDERBERRY
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
SILKY DOGWOOD
Silky Dogwood was known as
kinnikinnick by the Indians who
reportedly smoked the inner bark
for its alleged tonic affect
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
INDIGO BUSH
The Silky Dogwood is a shrub
Dogwood that has a strongly multistemmed growth habit and is always
found in nature as a shrub, rather than
a tree. The vigorous growth of Silky
Dogwood is optimized in moist to wet
sites, but it adapts readily to dry soil
conditions in fields and fence lines as
well.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
VIRGINIA SWEETSPIRE
These plants are valued more for
their deep-red fall foliage than for
either the appearance or the
aroma of their blossoms.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
RED CHOKEBERRY
Clusters of small, white flowers in mid-spring;
small, round bright red fruit in late summer
and autumn; autumn color is red to reddishpurple.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
BLACK CHOKEBERRY
Chokeberry fruit are very astringent
and will not be eaten by birds, so
they are ornamental through much
of winter.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
CAROLINA BUCKTHORN
Ripe fruits are nearly black and enjoyed by
birds. Some sources state that the fruits are
sweet and edible for people in small quantities
while other sources claim the fruits are mildly
toxic.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
NATIVE SWITCHGRASS
Switchgrass seed is planted for
many purposes some of which are
for forage, pasture, bio-fuels,
erosion control and as an
ornamental grass.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
COMMON PLANTS AND SHRUBS USED
IN LANDSCAPES
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
HOSTA
BLACK EYED SUSAN
KNOCK OUT ROSE
GERANIUMS
BUTTERFLY BUSH
SPIREA
DAISY
LILAC
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9. YEWS
10. BOXWOOD HEDGE
11. SNAP DRAGONS
12. DAY LILY
13. WOOD LILY
14. JAPANESE MAPLE
15. Begonia
16. Impatients
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
HOSTA (VARIAGTED OR NORMAL)
Hostas are herbaceous perennials, hardy
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
BLACK-EYED SUSAN
Black-eyed Susans grow in open
woods, gardens, fields, and
roadsides. They grow quickly in
just about any kind of soil.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
KNOCKOUT ROSE
Breeding efforts began about 20
years ago and focused on
developing repeat blooming, cold
hardy roses that didn’t get disease,
especially black spot
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
GERANIUMS
Geranium plants are easy to grow and do fit
well in home gardens, container gardens,
flowerbeds. They are beloved for their big,
bright bloom and also because they are easy to
grow and can grow anywhere
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
BUTTERFLY BUSH
Butterfly bush is an introduced shrub from China
that has been widely planted as an ornamental and
butterfly plant throughout North
America. Unfortunately, this popular garden plant
is also highly invasive and spreads profusely by
seed into disturbed and natural areas.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
SPIREA
The interesting thing about these plants is you
can plant them in full sun, some sun or even
mostly shade.
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
DAISY
Where did the Daisy Flower Get its Name
The word ‘daisy’ has an Anglo Saxon origin. It
came from the Anglo Saxon words daes eage.
The literal meaning of these words is ‘day’s
eye’. It was so called, as the daisies open at
dawn, just at the time, when the day is about
to begin
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
LILAC
Lilacs are not high maintenance shrubs at all.
They can grow incredibly tall, and they soak in
the sun and provide excellent shade for those
hot, summer days. With a little care and a little
maintenance, the old wood will develop new
roots and replenish for as long as they are
taken proper care of
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
YEWS
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
BOXWOOD HEDGE
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
SNAP DRAGONS
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
DAY LILY
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
WOOD LILY
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
JAPANESE MAPLE
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
BEGONIA
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers
IMPATIENT
Fruits contain seeds and come from the
flowers