•Social psychology teaches us how we relate to one another through
– prejudice
–aggression
–and conflict
–attraction
– altruism
–peacemaking.
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• What is it?
•
Prejudice
– “Prejudgment” - an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
• Usually involves:
– 1) stereotyped beliefs
– 2) negative feelings
– 3) predisposition to discriminatory action
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• Prejudice is the BELIEF
•
Discrimination - unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
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• Does prejudice still exist?
• Come up with two ways that you have seen or experienced prejudice/discrimination
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Over the duration of time many prejudices against interracial marriage, gender, homosexuality, and minorities have decreased.
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Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice, but prejudices still exist.
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• History
•
Ingroup Bias/Outgroup
– Tendency to favor one’s group
•
Scapegoat theory
– frustration/anger (need someone to blame)
• Vivid memories –
– 9/11….but not all Islamic people are terrorists
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• Ingroup: People with whom one shares a common identity.
• Outgroup: Those perceived as different from one’s ingroup.
• Ingroup Bias: The tendency to favor one’s own group.
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• Just-world phenomenon
– The tendency of people to believe the world is just, and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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Aggression can be any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
It may be done reactively out of hostility or proactively as a calculated means to an end.
Research shows that aggressive behavior emerges from the interaction of biology and experience.
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*We will have 10 school days to review
 That’s NOT much
*We will be reviewing 2 chapters a day
*We won’t cover some chapters in class b/c of time
*I am going to give you a “study calendar”.
*Expectation: REVIEW the assigned topics every night
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• What would you do?
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You are discussing going on Spring Break with a group of 4 friends. You would like to keep a budget and not spend too much money.
However, one friend in particular is willing to spend money, get a really nice hotel, and go to the nicest restaurants. You feel that the discussion is going your friend’s way. You want to share this holiday though, otherwise you may have to miss out or go alone.
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What would you do?

You have been working at the same store for 4 years. You are well respected and do a good job.
A new manager has recently been appointed whom you have to work under. She is continually re-organizing the store, changing norms, and questioning your judgement openly.
What would you do?
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You are a freshman on the soccer team at Norcross.
You are very excited to be on the team, but nervous about getting to know the other girls, playing time, and your relationship with the coach. After a few weeks, the seniors and captains on the team start goofing off during practice while you are working extremely hard. You want to say something, but you also don’t want to overstep your boundaries.
What would you do?
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Your husband/wife arrives home and tells you that he/she have been offered a promotion. It will mean moving area and house. You do not want to move as it will mean disrupting your career, leaving friends and moving your children's school. Your husband/wife feels you should support him/her.
What would you do?
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• Perceived as an incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
• Happens in all realms of life
– School
– Family
– Friends
– Work
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• Take out a scrap sheet of paper (small)
• First rule: no talking
• You have a choice
• A rich, chocolately cookie
• Or a tootsie roll
• If more than 20 percent asked for the cookie, no one will receive anything.
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• Social Trap is a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
• Can you think of anything else?
• California – drought and water usage
• Whalers with endangered whales
• Fuel efficient cars & environment
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• When we are in conflict with another person, how do we view them as a person?
• People in conflict form diabolical images of one another.
Saddam Hussein
“Wicked Pharaoh”
George Bush
“Evil”
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• AGGRESSION
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvEobe
NfGcc
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• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• 5.
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• 1. Biology
• 2. Biochemical
• 3. Frustration-Aggression
• 4. Learning
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Genetic Influences: Animals have been bred for aggressiveness for sport and at times for research.
Twin studies show aggression may be genetic. In men, aggression is possibly linked to the Y chromosome.
Neural Influences: Some centers in the brain, especially the limbic system (amygdala) and the frontal lobe, are intimately involved with aggression.
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Biochemical Influences: Animals with diminished amounts of testosterone (castration) become docile, and if injected with testosterone aggression increases. Prenatal exposure to testosterone also increases aggression in female hyenas.
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Studies in which animals and humans experience unpleasant events reveal that those made miserable often make others miserable.
Ron Artest (Pacers) attack on Detroit Pistons fans.
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Even environmental temperature can lead to aggressive acts. Murders and rapes increased with the temperature in Houston.
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When aggression leads to desired outcomes, one learns to be aggressive. This is shown in both animals and humans.
Cultures that favor violence breed violence.
Scotch-Irish settlers in the South had more violent tendencies than their Quaker Dutch counterparts in the Northeast of the US.
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Sexually coercive men are promiscuous and hostile in their relationships with women. This coerciveness has increased due to television viewing of Rand X-rated movies.
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The media portrays social scripts and generates mental tapes in the minds of the viewers. When confronted with new situations individuals may rely on such social scripts. If social scripts are violent in nature, people may act them out.
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The general consensus on violent video games is that, to some extent, they breed violence.
Adolescents view the world as hostile when they get into arguments and receive bad grades after playing such games.
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1. NO TALKING!!
2. Do not at any time look at your own number or tell anyone else what their number is.
3. Your task is to pair off with another student. You will receive a reward for this. The amount of your reward is equal to your partner’s number.
4. The offer to form a pair is made by extending your hand to another person, as if to offer a handshake. The other person can then choose either to accept or reject your offer.
5. If your offer is accepted, then stand together with your partner at
35 the edge of the room.

• How did you go about this?
• Next topic:
• How do you think that exercise relates to attraction?
• We pair off with those who match us in attractiveness and other traits!
– Friends and significant others!
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• Do you agree that “distance makes the heart grow fonder?”
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1. Proximity: Geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship.
* Mere Exposure Effect - Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
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2. Physical Attractiveness: Once proximity affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance.
-We perceive attractive people to be healthier, happier, more successful, more socially skilled
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• Averaged, symmetrical faces are considered more sexually attractive
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• Do “opposites attract?”
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3. Similarity: Similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen.
-In real life, “opposites retract”
*Friends and couples are more likely to share common attitudes, beliefs, interests (religion, race, education, etc.)
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• Why has the divorce rate gone up?
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• Passionate Love: An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
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• The thrill of romance usually fades
• Companionate Love: A deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
– How can this be related to our divorce rate?
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• What aspects do “good” marriages have?
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•
Equity: A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give.
• Self-Disclosure:
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
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• How do you get people to overcome their differences?
• Superordinate Goals are shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
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•
Altruism
–
– Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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• What makes us help people?
• Does anyone volunteer often?
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• To help ourselves?
• Social Exchange Theory - Our social behavior is an exchange process.
– The aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
• Do I have time? Will it be awkward?
• Would I get good feelings?
• Would others approve of me?
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• When someone brings me coffee…
• Reciprocity Norm - The expectation that we should return help and not harm those who have helped us.
• Someone lets you borrow their book…
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• Can’t we just help to help?
• Is there always a selfish reason deep down?
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• Is there a good deed that doesn’t benefit you?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahDxg3 hc5pM
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• Should we help even if we don’t get repaid?
• Social Responsibility NormLargely learned, it is a norm that tells us to help others when they need us even though they may not repay us.
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• 1964 – Kitty Genovese was repeatedly stabbed and raped outside her apartment in Queens, New York
• 38 neighbors heard her screams
• Her attacker fled, then returned to stab and rape her again
• Why did no one help?
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Tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
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The decision-making process for bystander intervention.
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