Today’s Goals
1.) Know the 3 bones of the hip
2.) Identify major markings
3.) Compare and Contrast Male and Female
Hip
4.) Rekindle that special fire
Final is a week from tomorrow!
• It’s a doozy!
• Hip and Leg will be on it also!
Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
• Two hip bones (each also called coxal
bone or os coxae)
–Attach the lower limbs to the axial
skeleton with strong ligaments
–Transmit weight of upper body to
lower limbs
–Support pelvic organs
Os coxae
• Each hip bone consists of three fused
bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Together with the sacrum and the coccyx,
these bones form the bony pelvis
Base of sacrum
Iliac fossa
Coxal
bone
llium
(os coxae
or hip
Pubic
bone)
bone
Iliac crest
Sacroiliac
joint
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Sacral
promontory
Sacrum
Coccyx
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Pelvic brim
Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle
Pubic crest
Pubic symphysis
Ischium
Pubic arch
PLAY
Animation: Rotatable pelvis
Figure 7.29
Hip Bone
•
Three regions
1. Ilium
• Superior region of the coxal bone
• Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac
joint)
2. Ischium
• Posteroinferior part of hip bone
3. Pubis
• Anterior portion of hip bone
• Midline pubic symphysis joint
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
Acetabulum
Ischial tuberosity
Ilium
Posterior
Iliac crest
gluteal line*
Posterior
Anterior
superior
superior
iIiac spine
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
Inferior
iliac spine*
gluteal line
Greater sciatic
Anterior inferior
notch
iliac spine*
Ischial body
Acetabulum
Ischial spine
Pubic body
Lesser sciatic
notch
Pubis
Ischium
Inferior ramus
Ischial
of pubis*
tuberosity
Obturator foramen
Ischial ramus
(a) Lateral view, right hip bone
Figure 7.30a
Ilium
Iliac fossa
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
iliac spine*
Body of
the ilium
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine*
Lesser sciatic notch
Obturator
foramen
Ischium
Pubic tubercle
Articular surface
of pubis (at pubic
symphysis)*
Ischial ramus
Inferior ramus
of pubis
(b) Medial view, right hip bone
Figure 7.30b
Comparison of Male and Female Pelvis
• Female pelvis
– Adapted for childbearing
– True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth
canal
– Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has
greater capacity
Comparison of Male and Female
Pelves
• Male pelvis
– Tilted less forward
– Adapted for support of male’s heavier build and
stronger muscles
– Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
A man’s hip
Comparison of Male and Female
Pelves
Characteristic
Female
Male
Bone thickness
Lighter, thinner, and
smoother
Heavier, thicker, and more
prominent markings
Pubic arch/angle
80˚– 90˚
50˚– 60˚
Acetabula
Small; farther apart
Large; closer together
Sacrum
Wider, shorter; sacral
curvature is accentuated
Narrow, longer; sacral
promontory more ventral
Coccyx
More movable; straighter
Less movable; curves ventrally
Table 7.4
Table 7.4
Table 7.4
• Describe femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals,
metatarsals, and phalanges
• Describe markings and functions on each
bone
• Know how we number piggies
The Lower Limb
• Carries the weight of the body
• Subjected to exceptional forces
• Three segments of the lower limb
– Thigh: femur
– Leg: tibia and fibula
– Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal
bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the
toes
Femur
• Largest and strongest bone in the body
• Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of
the hip and distally with the tibia and patella
Neck
Greater
trochanter
Head
Intertrochanteric
crest
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Apex
Anterior
Facet for
medial
condyle
of femur
Facet for lateral
condyle of femur
Lateral
condyle
Surface for
patellar
Posterior
ligament
(a) Patella (kneecap)
Intercondylar fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial condyle
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
Medial
epicondyle
Anterior view
Posterior view
(b) Femur (thigh bone)
Figure 7.31
Tibia
Bones of the Leg
• Medial leg bone
• Receives the weight of the body from the
femur and transmits it to the foot
Bones of the leg
Fibula
• Not weight bearing; no articulation with
femur
• Site of muscle attachment
• Connected to tibia by interosseous
membrane
• Articulates with tibia via proximal and
distal tibiofibular joints
Lateral condyle
Head
Medial condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Interosseous membrane
Fibula
Tibia
Lateral malleolus
Medial malleolus
(a) Anterior view
Figure 7.32a
Articular surface
of medial condyle
Articular surface of
lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Head of fibula
Interosseous
membrane
Tibia
Fibula
Articular surface
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus
(b) Posterior view
Figure 7.32b
Foot: Tarsals
• Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of
the foot
• Talus transfers most of the weight from the
tibia to the calcaneus
• Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the
medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms
Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges
• Metatarsals:
– Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5)
– Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot”
• Phalanges
– The 14 bones of the toes
– Each digit (except the hallux) has three phalanges
– Hallux has no middle phalanx
Distal
Middle
Proximal
1
Medial
cuneiform
Intermediate
cuneiform
Navicular
Talus
Trochlea
of talus
(a) Superior view
2
3
4
5
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Lateral
cuneiform
Cuboid
Tarsals
Calcaneus
Figure 7.33a
Intermediate
cuneiform
First metatarsal
Talus Facet for
medial
Navicular
malleolus
Sustentaculum tali
(talar shelf)
Calcaneus
Medial
cuneiform
(b) Medial view
PLAY
Calcaneal
tuberosity
Animation: Rotatable bones of the foot
Figure 7.33b
Arches of the Foot
• Arches are maintained by interlocking foot
bones, ligaments, and tendons
• Arches allow the foot to bear weight
• Three arches
– Lateral longitudinal
– Medial longitudinal
– Transverse
Medial longitudinal
arch
Transverse arch
Lateral
longitudinal arch
(a) Lateral aspect of right foot
Figure 7.34a
Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull
• Infant skull has more bones than the adult skull
• Skull bones such as the mandible and frontal bones are
unfused
• At birth, skull bones are connected by fontanelles
– Fontanelles
• Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between
fetal skull bones
• Four fontanelles
– Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid