The American Civil War
(1861-1865)
• 1860 » Lincoln wins presidential election
– 7 Southern states declare secession
• 1861 » Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter, in
South Carolina (April 12th)
• 1862 » Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation
• 1863 » Lee’s defeated in Gettysburg
• 1864 » Grant fights battles of attrition against Lee
• 1865 (April 7th)» Lee surrendered to Grant at
Appomattox Courthouse
Reconstruction
• The period of
Reconstruction took
place in the southern
United States from the
end of the Civil War in
1865 until 1877.
• United States 1861
13th Amendment
• Bans slavery in the U.S. and any of its
territories
• Adopted on December 6, 1865, officially
abolished and continues to prohibit slavery
and involuntary servitude, except as
punishment for a crime.
The 14th Amendment
• Grants citizenship to all persons born in the
U.S. and guarantees them equal protection
under the law
• Passed in 1868 to guarantee due process and
equality before the law for all citizens,
including newly-freed slaves.
– Due Process - A legal concept where a person is
ensured all legal rights when he/she is being
deprived of life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness for a given reason
The 15th Amendment
• Ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless
of race or color or previous condition of
servitude. (1869)
• No mention of women in this Amendment,
women would gain the right to vote with the
passage of the 19th Amendment in 1919.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
• A piece of United States legislation that gave
further rights to the former enslaved African
Americans after the end of the American Civil
War.
• Authorized the use of federal troops for its
enforcement
• Legislation = Laws
– As citizens they could make and enforce contracts, sue
and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit,
purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real estate and
personal property.
Reconstruction
• The Reconstruction policies were harsh and
created problems in the South.
• Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to
the freedom that former enslaved African
Americans had achieved.
Fundamental Issues
• Role former
Confederates might
play in the US
government.
• Role freed slaves
would play in
American society.
• Infrastructure of the
South, where most
of the war had been
fought, also had to
be rebuilt.
Policies and Problems
• Southern military
• Northern soldiers
leaders could not hold
supervised the South
office
• Freedman’s Bureau,
• African Americans could
established to aid
hold office
former enslaved African
Americans in the South
• African Americans
gained equal rights as a • Southerners resented
result of the passing of
northern
the Civil Rights Act of
“carpetbaggers,” who
1866, which authorized
took advantage of the
federal troops for its
South during
enforcement
Reconstruction
Reconstruction Plans
• Lincoln:
– Reconstruction plan called for reconciliation
• Reconciliation - restoration to harmony; renewal of
friendship.
– Preservation of the Union was more important
than punishing the South
Reconstruction Plans (cont’d)
• Lee:
– Urged Southerners to reconcile at the end of the
war and reunite as Americans when some wanted
to continue to fight
– Became president of Washington College which is
now known as Washington and Lee college
Reconstruction Plans (cont’d)
• Douglass:
– Fought for adoption of constitutional
amendments that guaranteed voting rights
– Powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties
for all
Reconstruction ended with the
Election of 1876
• Federal troops removed
• Rights that African Americans had gained were
lost through Black Codes
– Black Codes - laws that placed severe restrictions
on freed slaves such as prohibiting their right to
vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, limiting their
right to testify against white men, carrying
weapons in public places and working in certain
occupations.
Racial Segregation
• Based upon race
• Directed primarily against African Americans,
but other groups also were kept segregated.
“Jim Crow” Laws
• “Jim Crow” Laws
were passed to
discriminate against
African Americans.
“Jim Crow” Laws
• Made discrimination
practices legal in many
communities and states
throughout the South
• Were characterized by
unequal opportunities
in housing, work,
education, and
government.
Plessey vs. Ferguson
• The case produced the ruling by the Supreme Court
that racial segregation was legal and constitutional if
there was “separate but equal” facilities for Black
and White.
• It rested on the question whether the state of
Louisiana's law requiring separate railcar facilities for
Whites and Blacks were against the Thirteenth and
Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution.
African American Response
• Booker T.
Washington
– Believed equality
could be achieved
through vocational
education; accepted
social separation
– Founded Tuskegee
Institute
• W.E.B. Du Bois
– Believed in full
political, civil, and
social rights for
African Americans.
USII – 2b:
• Advances in transportation linked resources,
products and markets.
Advancements in the transportation of
resources:
• Moving natural
resources (e.g. copper
and lead) to Eastern
Factories
Advancements in the transportation of
resources:
• Moving iron ore
deposits to sites of steel
mills (e.g., Pittsburgh)
Advancements in the transportation of
resources:
• Transporting finished
products to National
Markets
• National Market –
means you can now sell
goods all over the
country
USII – 2a
• During the 19th Century, people’s perceptions
and use of the Great Plains changed.
• Technological advances allowed people to live
in more challenging environments
Physical Features and Climate of the Great
Plains:
• Flatlands that rise
gradually from east to
west.
Physical Features and Climate of the Great
Plains:
• Land eroded by wind
and water.
Physical Features and Climate of the Great
Plains:
• Low rainfall
Physical Features and Climate of the Great
Plains:
• Frequent dust storms
Physical Features and Climate of the
Great Plains:
• Because of new technologies, people saw the
Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” but
as a vast area to be settled.
Inventions and adaptations on the Great
Plains:
• Barbed wire
Inventions and adaptations on the Great
Plains:
• Steel Plows
Inventions and adaptations on the Great
Plains:
• Dry Farming
Inventions and adaptations on the Great
Plains:
• Sod Houses
Inventions and adaptations on the Great
Plains:
• Beef Cattle Raising
Inventions and adaptations on the Great
Plains:
• Wheat Farming
Inventions and adaptations on the Great
Plains:
• Windmills
Inventions and adaptations on the Great
Plains:
• Railroads
USII – 4a
• New opportunities and
technological advances
led to westward
migration following the
Civil War.
• Population changes,
growth of cities, and
new inventions
produced problems in
urban areas
• Inventions had both
positive and negative
effects on society
Reasons for Westward Expansion:
• Opportunities for
Land Ownership
– Homestead Act
Reasons for Westward Expansion:
• Technological advances,
including the
transcontinental
railroad
Reasons for Westward Expansion:
• Possibility of wealth
created by the
discovery of gold and
silver
Reasons for Westward Expansion:
• Adventure
Reasons for Westward Expansion:
• A new beginning for
former slaves
Westward Expansions Impact on
American Indians
• American Indians
opposed western
expansion and thus
were involved in several
battles.
– Battle of Little big Horn
– Sitting Bull
– Geronimo - Apache
Leader who escaped
capture several times…
Westward Expansions Impact on
American Indians
• Forced relocation from
traditional lands to
Reservations
• Chief Joseph of the Nez
Perce, “from where the
sun now stands…”
Westward Expansions Impact on
American Indians
• Reduced population
through disease and
warfare.
– Battle of Wounded Knee
Westward Expansions Impact on
American Indians
• Lifestyle changes and
assimilation attempts
– Reduction of Buffalo
population
Westward Expansions Impact on
American Indians
• The expansion reduced
their homelands
through treaties that
were broken.
Reasons for Increased Immigration:
• Hope for better
opportunities
Reasons for Increased Immigration:
• Religious Freedom
Reasons for Increased Immigration:
• Escape from oppressive
governments
Reasons for Increased Immigration:
• Adventure
Reasons why cities developed:
• Specialized industries
including:
– Steel in Pittsburgh, PA
– Meat packing in Chicago,
IL
– Textile in New England
– Automobile in Detroit,
MI
“Captains of Industry”
1. John D. Rockefeller
• Oil
2. Andrew Carnegie
• Steel
3. Henry Ford
• Automobile
4. Cornelius Vanderbilt
• Shipping and Railroads
Reasons why cities developed:
• Immigration from other
countries
Reasons why cities developed:
• Movement of
Americans from rural to
Urban areas for job
opportunities
Inventors that contributed to great
change and industrial growth
• Thomas Edison Lighting and mechanical
uses of electricity
• Alexander Graham Bell
- Telephone service
Rapid industrialization and
urbanization led to overcrowded
immigrant neighborhoods and
tenements.
• Some of the efforts to
solve immigration
problems:
– Settlement houses, such
as the Hull House
founded by Jane Adams
– Political machines that
gained power by
attending to the needs
of new Immigrants(e.g.,
jobs, housing)
Some of the challenges faced by cities
during this time period
• Tenements and Ghettos
• Political Corruption
(political machines)
From Agriculture to Industry
Between the Civil War and WWI, the
United States was transformed from
an agricultural to an industrial nation
Postwar Changes in Farm and City Life
• Mechanization (e.g., the
reaper) had reduced
farm labor needs and
increased production
Postwar Changes in Farm and City Life
• Industrial development
in cities created
increased labor needs
Postwar Changes in Farm and City Life
• Industrialization
provided access to
consumer goods (e.g.,
mail order catalog)
Factors resulting in growth of industry:
• Access to raw materials
and energy
Factors resulting in growth of industry
• Availability of a
workforce
Factors resulting in growth of industry
• Inventions
Factors resulting in growth of industry
• Financial resources
(money)
Reasons for the rise and prosperity of
big business
• National Markets
created by
transportation advances
Reasons for the rise and prosperity of
big business
• Lower – cost production
Reasons for the rise and prosperity of
big business
• Advertising
Reasons for the rise and prosperity of
big business
• Captains of
Industry
Examples of big business:
• Railroads
– Cornelius Vanderbilt
Examples of big business:
• Oil
– John D. Rockefeller
Examples of big business:
• Steel
– Andrew Carnegie
Examples of big business:
• Shipping and Railroads
List the products for some
“Captains of Industry”:
John D. Rockefeller
• Oil
Andrew Carnegie
• Steel
Henry Ford
• Automobile
Cornelius Vanderbilt
• Shipping and Railroads
Negative Effects of Industrialization:
• Child labor
Negative Effects of Industrialization:
• Low wages and long
hours
Negative Effects of Industrialization:
• Unsafe working
conditions
Rise of organized labor:
• Formation of unions –
Growth of the American
Federation of Labor
Rise of organized labor:
• Strikes – Aftermath of
Homestead Strike
Progressive Movement Workplace
Reforms:
• Improved safety
conditions
Progressive Movement Workplace
Reforms:
• Reduced Work Hours
Progressive Movement Workplace
Reforms:
• Placed Restrictions on
child labor
Women’s Suffrage
• Suffrage is the right to
vote
• Increased
educational
opportunities
Women’s Suffrage
• Attained Voting Rights
– Women gained the right
to vote with the passage
of the 19th amendment
to the Constitution of
the United States of
America
– Susan B. Anthony and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
worked for women’s
suffrage
Temperance Movement
• Composed of groups
opposed to the making
and consuming of
alcohol
Temperance Movement
• Supported the 18th
Amendment prohibiting
the manufacture, sale,
and transport of
alcohol.