Second Great Awakening, Reforms,
Manifest Destiny, Texas Annexation,
Mexican-American War
 Leaders:
Charles Finney,
Richard Allen, the Beechers
 Period of revivals filled with
emotion and drama
 Goals:



Thought it was individual’s job
to seek salvation and improve
society
Brought Christianity to slaves
Use church to fight slavery
 Day:
participants
studied the Bible
and examined their
own souls
 Night: emotional
sermons that
included yells,
tears, and fear
 Purpose was to
awaken religious
faith
 Second
Great Awakening brought Christianity
to slaves
 Belief that all people, black and white,
belonged to the same God


Rural south- camp meetings and church services
open to blacks and whites
East- segregated churches
 Membership

grew
Became a political, cultural, and social center
for African Americans
 African
American churches developed
into political institutions
 Organized first black convention


Hosted by Richard Allen
Explored idea of a free African American
and slave settlement in Canada
 Religious
connectivity provided
groundwork and support for the fight
against slavery.
 Criticized
emotional revivals
 Focused on reason
 Thought conversion was a gradual process
 Ellerly Channing- most famous preacher
 1.
List the 3 components of the American
System.
 Leader:
Horace Mann
 Goals:




Mandatory attendance
Standard curricula
Tax supported schools
Teacher training
 Events:
promoted
public education state
and nationwide



Leader: Dorothea Dix
Goal: raise awareness of the cruel treatment of the
mentally ill; move from punishment programs to
rehab programs
“Beat the devil out of him”










Bleedings
Dunking
Electric shock
Frontal lobotomy
Hot irons on head
Lowering into snake pits
Shackling
Spinning
Drilling hole in skull
Wrapping in wet sheets
 Event:
Dix establishes 9 mental hospitals in
the South
 Growing
support for abolition, to outlaw
slavery, increased
 Non-violent abolitionists (Leaders): Garrison
and Douglass


Events: William Lloyd Garrison- started The
Liberator, a newspaper to support freeing slaves
Frederick Douglass- began speaking at Garrison’s
society meetings

Started his own antislavery newspaper, The North Star
 Violent

abolitionists (Leader): Nat Turner
Event: Nat Turner’s rebellion




A preacher who thought it was his job to lead people out of
slavery
Turner and 80 followers attacked 4 plantations and killed
almost 60 white people
Was captured tried and hanged
In response, whites killed 200 blacks
 Slave
codes
 “the happy slave”
 The gag rule
 Cult



of domesticity
Kept women at home with few rights
Women should cook, clean, take care of
husbands, and bear children
Women should be “moral force” of society
 Led
by Lucretia Mott and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 Declaration of Sentiments
adopted
 Few improvements
 Officially marked beginning
of women’s movement
 Goal:
to curb consumption of alcohol
 Leader: Carrie Nation, Frances Willard
 Events: bars ransacked, Women’s Christian
Temperance Union formed
 Drunkenness
had become problem in families
 Temperance organizations held rallies,
produced pamphlets, and decreased
consumption
A
model like Norway’s prison system would
be beneficial in the United States.
 Tough
prisons deter people from committing
crimes to start with and encourage former
prisoners to behave so they don’t have to go
back.
 If
prisons were as nice as Norway’s prisons,
people would commit more crimes to have a
nice place to live.
 Prisons
should focus on rehab instead of
punishment.
 For
those who thought revivals
were too public
 Transcendentalists led by
Ralph Waldo Emerson

Emphasized simple living and
celebrated nature, personal
emotion, and imagination
 Started
a literary movement
that supported freedom,
optimism, and self-reliance
 Abandons
community
life
 Lives alone for 2 years
 Urged people to
practice civil
disobedience

Peacefully refuse to
obey laws instead of
protest
 Groups
of people who sought to create a “perfect
place”
 Some intellectually based:


New Harmony, Indiana- a pre-Marx socialist
experiment; very socially advanced for the time
Brook Farm, near Boston- focused on manual labor,
self-reliance, spirituality; home of famous
transcendentalist writers including Emerson and
Hawthorne
 Some

The Mormons


religious based
Founded by Joseph Smith
The Shakers
 Non-religious
communities ended sooner due
to fighting amongst citizens and lack of
productivity
Mainly landscape paintings that portray nationalism
 Expansionists
wanted New Mexico, Texas, and
California
 Played on weakness of Mexican government
and economy
 Expansion would come at expense of Native
Americans and Mexicans
 Southern states wanted more slave areas
 “The
American claim is by the right of our
manifest destiny to overspread and possess
the whole continent which Providence has
given us for the development of the great
experiment of liberty…self-government
entrusted to us.”
 - John L. O’Sullivan, New York Morning News, 1845
 Santa
Fe Trail- traders looking for
commercial activity with the Mexicans
 Oregon Trail- farmers looking for fertile land
in Oregon
 Mormon Trail- Mormons and led to the Great
Salt Lake in Utah; travelers seeking religious
freedom
 California Trail- emigrants seeking fertile
land and GOLD
 Organized
by the US government to restrict
Indians and protect emigrants
 Treaty restricted Indian presence close to
trails
 1.
What was the main source of
transportation along the trails?
 2. What type of materials were the travelers
given to help them on their journey?
 3. What happened to the Donners’ wagon?
 4. How long were the Donners stranded?
 5. What did the Donners eat once they ran
out of food?
 Mexico
invited American settlers into Texas
 Americans had to agree to



become Mexican citizens
Practice Roman Catholicism
Accept the Mexican constitution
 BUT
the Mexican constitution banned slavery
 Americans
settle east of San Antonio and
establish Austin, TX
 By 1835
Americans in Texas (Anglo-Texans) outnumber
Tejanos (Hispanic population in Texas) 6 to 1
 Americans


do not honor their end of the deal
Still Protestant
Smuggling African slaves to work their farms
 Unstable
Mexican government in Texas
 Santa Anna seizes power of Mexico City

Believed in authoritative military government
 Worries
Texans
 Texans
declare independence and adopted
republican constitution

“Lone Star Republic”
 Santa
Anna brings army to stop rebellion
 Mexican Army attacks small Texas garrison at
the Alamo



12 days of cannon fire
Mexican troops overrun walls and kill all Texans
Executes Texas prisoners
 Those
killed at the Alamo
become martyrs
 Texans trapped Santa Anna;
led by Sam Houston
 Battle of Jacinto- Houston’s
men kill 630 and capture
730 including Santa Anna
 Santa Anna signs treaty
recognizing TX
independence
 Now,
Texas is a lone country.
 Sam Houston- first president

Asks US to annex Texas
North- did not want to add another slave state
Houston threatens to join British empire

And then comes…


 Expansionist
 Annexation
of TX was
key issue in election
 Ran against Henry Clay
 Vows to win Oregon
territory for the North
 Polk wins!
 Polk
compromises with Britain
 Split Oregon Territory at 49th parallel
 North is mad
 Polk cannot afford two wars
 Congress
votes to annex TX
 Makes border dispute between TX and Mexico
even worse
 Mexico does not recognize annexation
 Polk sends American troops to occupy
borderlands led by Gen. Zachary Taylor
 Polk drafts a declaration of war
 Mexican patrol clashes with American
soldiers
 11 Americans killed
 US
army is much larger, well-supplied, and
wealthier
 Led by Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott, and
Stephen Kearney
 Mexico was politically divided because of
Santa Anna’s power
 US



wins every major battle
Kearny conquers New Mexico
Seized control of California
Captured Mexican cities including Mexico City
 Ended
Mexican American War
 Forced Mexico to give up the northern third
of their country
 Added 1.2 million square miles to US
 US
obtained additional 30,000 square miles
of southern Arizona and New Mexico from
Mexico
 Proposed

by Congressman David Wilmot
Would ban slavery in newly acquired territories
 Passed
in the House, failed in the Senate
 15 years later- passes in House, fails in
Senate
 Brought question of slavery to forefront
 In
your groups, create 3 generalizations from
the letter.
 For each generalization, you should have 2
evidences.
 Organize it like this:

Generalization 1


Evidence 1
Evidence 2
 And
so on…
 Then, summarize the letter in 4 sentences or
less.
 1849-
hence the name 49ers
 Mass migration of people from East to San
Francisco
 Many came from South America, laborers
migrated from China
 CA


Population
1847- 14,000
1852- 225,000
 Mining
began as a
difficult process



Expensive food and
clothing
Diseases
Lawlessness
 Discrimination



Levied taxes on foreign miners
Native Americans killed by thousands
Mexicans had to pay the tax
 California

seeks statehood
Problem: already 15 free states and 15 slave
states