The New
South & The
TransMississippi
West
The Exodusters—first major
less-than-hospitable South
A group of “Exodus”ters waiting on
a levee
for a steamboat
that will
black
out-migration
from
a
take them west to farm in places
like Kansas on the Great Plains.
Relations between the South, West, and
Northeast
—South, West exploited for Northeastern benefit, but really
everyone was an exploiter in a sense
The Southern
Burden
A black sharecropper’s shack.
The gospel of a
“New South”—Grady
wanted to “out-Yankee
the Yankee,” BUT…saying and doing are two separate
things—what held the region back?
A cotton-dominated economy—low cotton
prices; some diversity attempted; George Washington
Carver’s peanuts
Agricultural ladder—a theory about hired hand,
sharecropper, tenant, and landowner
Crop lien system—spring credit, fall debt—
creditor owned rights to the crop: “debt peonage”
another form of slavery
Washington Duke, who, along
with his sons, built a
cigarette empire with the
American Tobacco Company,
and whose fortune endowed
Duke University.
Boom in textiles—cotton, cheap white labor
Tobacco and cigarettes—Jewish immigrants
Environmental costs—migrating tree harvests
cause barren hillsides, erosion, sterility
Birmingham Steel—absorbed by U.S. Steel
Late start in industrializing—catch up
Undereducated labor—education spoils?
The isolated southern labor
market—new social ideas unwelcome by those A statue of Duke on
in power
the Duke University
campus.
Life in the
New South
Women
posing at
southern
quilting
bee.
Hunting—relief from work,
tedium, food; cockfighting
Farm entertainments—work-sharing festivals: contests,
quilting; courting often the result
Town—Saturdays, holidays, court week
Rural religion—segregated by race, gender; camp meetings
Laissez-faire race relations—for sectional harmony,
North said they’d keep hands off, just don’t disenfranchise the
Freedmen—a promise not kept by the South
Supreme Court rules that Civil Rights Act of 1866 and 14th Amendment
don’t apply to private individuals, just states?
Jump down, turn around
The Jim Crow character from a
To pick a bale of cotton
popular minstrel song that inspired
Jump down, turn around
the name for segregationist laws that
To pick a bale a day.
Chorus:
spread across the South.
Oh Lordy, pick a bale of cotton,
“Come, listen, all you gals and
Oh Lordy, pick a bale a day.
boys,
That nigger from Shiloh
Can pick a bale of cotton
I'm just from Tuckyhoe;
That nigger from Shiloh
I'm gwine to sing a little song,
Can pick a bale a day.
My name's Jim Crow.
Chorus:
Chorus: Wheel about, an' turn
Me and my gal can pick . . . .
about, an' do jis so;
Me and my wife . . . .
Eb'ry time I wheel about, I jump
Me and my buddy . . . .
Jim Crow.”
Me and my poppa . . . .
Jim Crow laws
Takes a mighty big man to . . . –everywhere
.
except stores and streets
Plessy v. Ferguson
—S.C. blesses “separate but equal,”
which is inherently unequal;
average of 187 lynchings per year in
1890s
END OF READING
Western Frontiers
Moving frontiers—skips, spots,
east, north
Chimney Rock
in Nebraska was
Variety of Indian cultures—environment
determined
culture
the most-mentioned landmark
in pioneer diaries.
William Gilpin, a western booster—
limitless; RR’s and cheap land; billion
John Wesley Powell—limits
Water as a key resource
—not land; water rights
John Wesley Powell, the one-armed
Civil War veteran and western
explorer; William Gilpin.
General John Pope, demoted commander of the Army of the
Potomac and loser of 2nd Bull Run, who vowed to wipe out the
frustrated Sioux Indians after the New Ulm Massacre in
Minnesota. Captured 1800 Sioux; Lincoln cut execution list
down to 38—settlers outraged.
The War for the West
Policy of concentration—initially, limits
to hunting grounds; whites squatted on lands given
“as long as waters run,” begged for protection
Chivington massacre—Sand Creek
Buffalo soldiers—hair of buffalo
Black Kettle
Buffalo Soldiers
John Chivington
Colonel George Armstrong
Custer, one of the most
courageous and the youngest
Union general in the Civil War,
lost every man under his
personal command that day.
Battle of Little Big Horn—three
columns: Custer’s blundered in too quickly
The battle
site became
an instant
tourist
attraction.
Sitting Bull had just
undergone the
grueling Sun Dance
and did not
participate in the
battle.
Helen Hunt Jackson
and Chief Joseph.
Chief Joseph—1300-mile
chase by Gen. Miles to Canada ending in Oklahoma
Suzette La Fleche and Helen Hunt Jackson—
lectured, lobbied, organized: A Century of Dishonor
The Dawes Severalty Act
—concentration on reservations had failed,
so sever individuals from tribes; 160 acre
farms?; land left over went to
homesteaders, speculators
Wovoka, the Paiute Indian
who began the Ghost Dance
religion in Nevada; a Ghost
Dance shirt that some
believed would be impervious
to white man’s bullets.
Wounded Knee
The band of Indians had been fleeing
Results of the “Battle” of Wounded Knee, through the cold when they were ordered
looking like a Nazi massacre in WWII. into Wounded Knee. The next morning
federal soldiers began confiscating their
weapons, and a scuffle broke out between a
soldier and an Indian warrior. The federal
soldiers opened fire, killing 290 men, women,
and children. The gunfire was so haphazard
that the soldiers killed more than 25 of
their own men in the crossfire. Even though
it wasn't really a battle, the massacre at
Wounded Knee is considered the final battle
of the Indian Wars, which had lasted 350
years
Juan Jose Herrera and the White Caps—
resistance of Anglo “invaders” by as many as 700 masked
nightriders in Las Vegas area—courts did heavy lifting for Anglos
Mexican immigrants—powerless contract, seasonal
laborers living in segregated barrios
Formation of regional communities—small village
bases preserved cultural identity, places to return after labor in
Anglo world
A new racial triad—black, white and brown in Texas
brought more complexity to race relations
Boom and Bust in the West
Prostitution—50,000 earned high wages
working “cribs,” saloons, dance halls, brothels
Environmental costs of mining
—hydraulic mining, heavy deforestation, smelter
pollution
Railroad land grants
—CP going east and UP west for
loans ($48,000
per mile in mountains)
The meeting
of
the
andCentral
land (200-400 sq. mi. per mi.);
Pacific and Union
Chinese, Irish
Pacific at
Promontory
Point, Utah.
The Final Frontier
Joseph Glidden, man
who got the patent
for barbed wire. He
beat out many
competitors.
Home on the Range— “long drive,” “nesters,” “woolies,”
range wars
Western Boom and Bust—over-investment crashes with
over-grazing, disease, drought, 1886-1887 blizzards
Boomers and Sooners—two million acres of former
Indian land
Homestead Act—It could be free, BUT…
Bonanza farms—160 acres works in East, BUT…
Religion—evangelical protestants, circuit riders