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The Digestive System > Nervous System of the Digestive System
Nervous System of the Digestive System
• Enteric Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Gastrointestinal Reflex Pathways
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The Digestive System > Nervous System of the Digestive System
Enteric Nervous System
• The enteric nervous system, which is embedded in the lining of the
gastrointestinal system, can operate independently of the brain and the spinal
cord.
• The ENS consists of two plexuses, the submucosal and the myenteric. The
myenteric plexus increases the tone of the gut and the velocity and intensity of
contractions. The submucosal plexus is involved with local conditions and controls
local secretion, absorption, and muscle movements.
• While described as a "second brain," the enteric nervous system normally
communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) through the
parasympathetic (via the vagus nerve) and sympathetic (via the prevertebral
Neural control of the gut
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ganglia) nervous systems, but can still function when the vagus nerve is severed.
• The enteric nervous system (ENS) includes efferent neurons, afferent neurons,
and interneurons, all of which make the ENS capable of carrying reflexes and
acting as an integrating center in the absence of CNS input.
• The ENS contains support cells, which are similar to astroglia of the brain, and a
diffusion barrier around the capillaries surrounding ganglia, which is similar to the
blood-brain barrier of cerebral blood vessels.
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The Digestive System > Nervous System of the Digestive System
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• The ANS is classically divided into two subsystems: the parasympathetic nervous
system (PSNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
• The ANS is usually divided into sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
subsystems.
• .The enteric nervous system is sometimes considered part of the autonomic
nervous system. It is sometimes considered an independent system.
• Activity in the PSNS increases activity in the entire enteric nervous system, while
stimulation of the enteric nerves by the SNS inhibits gastrointestinal activity.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic aspects of
the autonomic nervous system
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The Digestive System > Nervous System of the Digestive System
Gastrointestinal Reflex Pathways
• Long reflexes to the digestive system (also called feedforward reflexes) involve a
sensory neuron sending information to the brain. This type of reflex includes
reactions to food or danger -triggering effects in the GI tract. Emotional responses
can also trigger GI response.
• Sensory information from the digestive system can be acted upon by the enteric
system alone. The enterogastric reflex (a short reflex) is stimulated by acid in the
duodenum or in the stomach, resulting in inhibition of gastrin release which
suppresses gastric motility and secretion of gastric acid.
• The gastrocolic reflex increases the motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal
tract. It involves an increase in motility of the colon in response to stomach stretch
Peristalis
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and byproducts of digestion in the small intestine.
• GI peptides act on a variety of tissues including the brain, digestive accessory
organs, and the GI tract. The effects range from excitatory or inhibitory effects on
motility and secretion to feelings of satiety or hunger when acting on the brain.
• The gastrocolic reflex increases the motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal
tract and has been implicated in pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. The
colonoileal reflex has inhibitory functions in portions of the colon.
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Appendix
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The Digestive System
Key terms
• autonomic nervous system The part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary activity of the heart, intestines, and
glands. These activities include digestion, respiration, perspiration, metabolism, and the modulation of blood pressure.
• enteric nervous system A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal system.
• enteric nervous system A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal system.
• enterogastric reflex one of three extrinsic reflexes of the gastrointestinal tract which is stimulated by the presence of acid levels
in the duodenum or in the stomach and results in the shut off of the release of gastrin from G-cells in the antrum of the
stomach.
• gastrocolic reflex One of a number of physiological reflexes controlling the motility or peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract and
it involves an increase in motility of the colon in response to stretch in the stomach and byproducts of digestion in the small
intestine.
• sympathetic nervous system The part of the autonomic nervous system that under stress raises blood pressure and heart rate,
constricts blood vessels, and dilates the pupils.
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The Digestive System
Peristalis
The gastrocolic reflex is one of a number of physiological reflexes controlling the motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Wikipedia. "Peristalsis." CC BY 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peristalsis.gif View on Boundless.com
The Digestive System
Neural control of the gut
An illustration of neural control of the gut wall by the autonomic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
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The Digestive System
The sympathetic and parasympathetic aspects of the autonomic nervous system
The ANS affects heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, micturition (urination), and sexual arousal. Whereas
most of its actions are involuntary, some, such as breathing, work in tandem with the conscious mind.
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The Digestive System
Neural control of the gut
An illustration of neural control of the gut wall by the autonomic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
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Wikimedia. "Neural control gut." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neural_control_gut.png View on Boundless.com
The Digestive System
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe the structure
and function of the enteric nervous system (ENS)?
A) ENS can operate independently of brain & spinal cord: 100 million
neurons, support cells, barrier
B) ENS neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, dopamine (90% of body's
supply), and serotonin (50% of supply)
C) ENS ganglia: myenteric plexus (between layers of muscularis
externa); submucsal plexus
D) myenteric plexus: motility of gut; submucosal plexus: secretion and
absorption
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The Digestive System
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe the structure
and function of the enteric nervous system (ENS)?
A) ENS can operate independently of brain & spinal cord: 100 million
neurons, support cells, barrier
B) ENS neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, dopamine (90% of body's
supply), and serotonin (50% of supply)
C) ENS ganglia: myenteric plexus (between layers of muscularis
externa); submucsal plexus
D) myenteric plexus: motility of gut; submucosal plexus: secretion and
absorption
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The Digestive System
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe a function of
the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
A) ANS functions mostly below conscious control affecting salivation and
digestion
B) ANS: 2 subsystems: parasympathetic NS and sympathetic NS; both
innervate enteric NS
C) sympathetic NS directly stimulates activity in the stomach by secretion
of corticotropin
D) parasympathetic NS increases activity in enteric NS; aids in controlling
defecation
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The Digestive System
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe a function of
the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
A) ANS functions mostly below conscious control affecting salivation and
digestion
B) ANS: 2 subsystems: parasympathetic NS and sympathetic NS; both
innervate enteric NS
C) sympathetic NS directly stimulates activity in the stomach by secretion
of corticotropin
D) parasympathetic NS increases activity in enteric NS; aids in controlling
defecation
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The Digestive System
The part of the autonomic nervous system that under stress
raises blood pressure and heart rate, constricts blood vessels,
and dilates the pupils.
A) gastrocolic reflex
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) enterogastric reflex
D) gastric juice
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The Digestive System
The part of the autonomic nervous system that under stress
raises blood pressure and heart rate, constricts blood vessels,
and dilates the pupils.
A) gastrocolic reflex
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) enterogastric reflex
D) gastric juice
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The Digestive System
In humans and other vertebrates, the part of the nervous system
that regulates the involuntary activity of the heart, intestines, and
glands. These activities include digestion, respiration,
perspiration, metabolism, and the modulation of blood pressure.
A) gastrocolic reflex
B) enterogastric reflex
C) autonomic nervous system
D) lipase
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The Digestive System
In humans and other vertebrates, the part of the nervous system
that regulates the involuntary activity of the heart, intestines, and
glands. These activities include digestion, respiration,
perspiration, metabolism, and the modulation of blood pressure.
A) gastrocolic reflex
B) enterogastric reflex
C) autonomic nervous system
D) lipase
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The Digestive System
The digestive tract is innervated by which subsection of the
nervous system?
A) Central
B) Somatic
C) Autonomic
D) Dendritic
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The Digestive System
The digestive tract is innervated by which subsection of the
nervous system?
A) Central
B) Somatic
C) Autonomic
D) Dendritic
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Saylor OER. "Biology « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Biology/
The Digestive System
Which of the following does NOT correctly differentiate among the
gastrointestinal reflex pathways?
A) long reflexes of the CNS act as feedforward reflexes (react to food,
danger) or emotional reflexes
B) short reflexes of the enteric nervous system (digestive brain) regulate
motility, secretion, growth
C) GI peptides (signal molecules) act on brain, digestive accessory
organs, GI tract via hormones
D) gastrocolic reflex controls peristalsis of GI tract: churning food in
stomach to aid digestion
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The Digestive System
Which of the following does NOT correctly differentiate among the
gastrointestinal reflex pathways?
A) long reflexes of the CNS act as feedforward reflexes (react to food,
danger) or emotional reflexes
B) short reflexes of the enteric nervous system (digestive brain) regulate
motility, secretion, growth
C) GI peptides (signal molecules) act on brain, digestive accessory
organs, GI tract via hormones
D) gastrocolic reflex controls peristalsis of GI tract: churning food in
stomach to aid digestion
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The Digestive System
Attribution
• Wikibooks. "Medical Physiology/Gastrointestinal Physiology/Principles of GI function." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Medical_Physiology/Gastrointestinal_Physiology/Principles_of_GI_function#Parasympathetic_Inner
vation
• Wikipedia. "Autonomic Nervous System." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_Nervous_System
• Wiktionary. "autonomic nervous system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonomic+nervous+system
• Wiktionary. "enteric nervous system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enteric+nervous+system
• Wiktionary. "sympathetic nervous system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sympathetic+nervous+system
• Wikibooks. "Medical Physiology/Gastrointestinal Physiology/Principles of GI function." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Medical_Physiology/Gastrointestinal_Physiology/Principles_of_GI_function#Gastrointestinal_Reflex
es
• Wikipedia. "Gastrointestinal physiology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_physiology#Regulation
• Wikipedia. "Gastrocolic reflex." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrocolic_reflex
• Wikipedia. "Enterogastric reflex." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterogastric_reflex
• Wikipedia. "Pharyngeal reflex." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_reflex
• Wikipedia. "gastrocolic reflex." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gastrocolic%20reflex
• Wikipedia. "enterogastric reflex." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/enterogastric%20reflex
• Wikipedia. "Enteric nervous system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system
• Wikibooks. "Medical Physiology/Gastrointestinal Physiology/Principles of GI function." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Medical_Physiology/Gastrointestinal_Physiology/Principles_of_GI_function#Enteric_Nervous_Syste
m
• Wikipedia. "Enteric nervous system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system#Function
• Wiktionary. "enteric nervous system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enteric+nervous+system
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