Encoding - Wheelerswiki

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AP PSYCH DMA

Please write down the questions and answer them.

1.

2.

Explain why the hippocampus is important for memory.

Give three examples of mnemonic devices.

Your graded FRQs are in the out-box

TODAY’S AGENDA

DMA

Review FRQ info

Memory

Flashbulb, feats, encoding, forgetting, etc…

Homework:

• Chapter 9 test – Monday, Sept. 12 th

• Chapter 9 notes due – Monday, Sept. 12 th

• DMAs due Friday

• Chapter 9 review session – Friday, Sept. 9 th at 7:00 AM

FRQ ISSUES

Write your answer in the order of the question!

Example: the question asks you about spacing effect, semantic encoding and rehearsal…

1 st paragraph – spacing effect

2 nd paragraph – semantic encoding

3 rd paragraph – rehearsal

FRQ ISSUES

Be specific!

If you are applying rehearsal…

Bad answer – “I would use rehearsal to help learn vocabulary words”

Good answer – “I could use the technique of rehearsal while studying details such as names and definitions. By using repetition, I will be able to better encode the information and attach meaning to it. Some examples of this include using flashcards and quizzing myself over and over again.”

FRQ GRADING

On the chapter test…

1 FRQ

1/3 of your test grade

Will be one of the practice FRQs

Practice FRQs

Receive list at beginning of chapter

Each question/answer is worth 10 points.

Answer must be a complete draft (not missing any parts of the question)

Answer must use the TDA method

Answer must demonstrate all the FRQ techniques discussed in class.

MEMORY

Long-Term Memory

 the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

A SIMPLIFIED MEMORY MODEL

External events

Sensory input

Attention to important or novel information

Sensory memory

Encoding

Short-term memory

Encoding

Retrieving

Long-term memory

ENCODING: GETTING INFORMATION IN

Encoding

Effortful Automatic

ENCODING

Automatic Processing unconscious encoding of incidental information

 space

 time frequency well-learned information

 word meanings we can learn automatic processing

ENCODING

Effortful Processing

 requires attention and conscious effort

Rehearsal

 conscious repetition of information

 to maintain it in consciousness

 to encode it for storage

ENCODING

Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables

TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2

Spacing Effect

 distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice

How can you use this info to your benefit?

MEMORY – RELAXATION & RECALL

How it works….

Wheeler will turn off the lights, get comfortable, take a few deep breaths & close your eyes.

Wheeler will read a list of words to you

Just listen – don’t write anything down.

WRITE EVERYTHING THAT YOU REMEMBER

FROM THE LIST DOWN…

ENCODING: SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

Percentage of words recalled

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Position of word in list

Serial Position Effecttendency to recall best the last items in a list

WHAT DO WE ENCODE?

Semantic Encoding

 encoding of meaning including meaning of words

Acoustic Encoding

 encoding of sound

 especially sound of words

Visual Encoding

 encoding of picture images

ENCODING

PLEASE TURN TO A NEIGHBOR AND DISCUSS

HOW THIS ENCODING INFORMATION CAN

MAKE YOU STUDY MORE EFFICIENTLY.

ENCODING

Imagery

 mental pictures

 a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

Mnemonics

 memory aids

 especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

MEMORY DEMONSTRATION

Steps

Listen to the list of letters (don’t write anything down!)

When the list is done – write down as many of the letters (in the correct order) as you can.

ENCODING

Chunking

 organizing items into familiar, manageable units

 like horizontal organization--1776149218121941 often occurs automatically use of acronyms

HOMES-H uron, O ntario, M ichigan, E rie, S uperior

ARITHMETIC-A R at I n T om’s H ouse M ight E at T om’s

I ce C ream

ENCODING: CHUNKING

Organized information is more easily recalled

ENCODING

Hierarchies

 complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

Encoding

(automatic or effortful)

Meaning

(semantic

Encoding)

Imagery

(visual

Encoding)

Chunks

Organization

Hierarchies

STORAGE:RETAINING INFORMATION

Iconic Memory

 a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second

Echoic Memory

 momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

STORAGE:LONG-TERM MEMORY

Amnesia --the loss of memory

Explicit Memory

 memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare also called declarative memory hippocampus --neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage

Implicit Memory

 retention independent of conscious recollection also called procedural memory

MEMORY LOSS

Clive Wearing

Worst case of memory loss known.

STUDY GROUPS

Reconnect with your group…

1.

Discuss when and where you are going to meet to study for Monday’s test.

2.

Huddle-up the desks and begin reviewing

Chapter 9.

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