Name:_____________________________________________ Period:_______ Date:_____________
UNIT 2 TARGETS: The Musculoskeletal System
 I can apply all lab/activity concepts, skills, and results from this unit as specific support of the
targets listed below.
 I can integrate two or more targets together into one cohesive idea or explanation.
The Skeletal System
2.1
I can identify the six (6) primary skeletal system functions, and give an example of a skeletal
feature that facilitates each function.
2.2
I can describe the physiological function of cartilage in the endoskeleton, and provide
examples of where one would find hyaline (articular) cartilage in the human body.
2.3
I can compare/contrast between cortical and cancellous bone structure and function, as well as
provide examples/locations of each in the endoskeleton.
2.4
I can describe the physiological function of red and yellow marrows in the endoskeleton
2.5
I can explain the role of the periosteum in the skeletal system, and can describe various
injuries to this structure such as bone bruises and periostitis (shin splints).
2.6
I can distinguish between the various bone shapes (long, short, sesamoid, flat, or irregular)
and give examples of each bone shape within the human skeleton.
2.7
I can describe the following processes that occur in the skeletal system, and the role of
hormones, osteoblasts, and/or osteoclasts in each process.
a. Bone formation (how/when does cartilage undergo endochondral ossification?)
b. Bone growth (what is the difference between interstitial and appositional bone growth?)
c. Bone remodeling (what factors cause bone to be broken down and/or built up?)
2.8
I can identify examples of explain the functional difference between bones of the axial
skeleton as compared with those of the appendicular skeleton.
2.9
I can provide examples of and distinguish between the composition/function of fibrous joints,
cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints.
2.10
I can discern between the types of synovial joints in the appendicular skeleton (fixed, ball &
socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding, condyloid), and can describe the range or type of motion
for each type of joint.
The Muscular System
2.11
I can discern between the histological and functional differences between the three muscle
type: visceral (smooth), cardiac and skeletal.
2.12
I can identify the four major functions of skeletal muscles in the human body
2.13
I can discern between points of origin and insertion in terms of where skeletal muscle attaches
to the appendicular skeleton.
2.14
I can describe the range of motion associated with flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation, and circumduction, providing a specific example of a joint or structure that can
provide each range of motion.
2.15
I can discern between the anatomical forms of tendons v. ligaments and can connect each’s
form to its specific function in regard to the appendicular skeleton.
2.16
I can articulate how antagonistic muscle pairs provide for a full range of motion at a joint,
citing the biceps/triceps and extensor carpi radialis/flexor carpi ulnaris as examples.
2.17
I can organize gross muscle anatomy from most complex (largest, most inclusive) to simple
(smallest/least inclusive) including muscle body, fascicles, myofibers (muscle cells),
myofibrils, and myofilaments (actin/myosin).
2.18
I can describe the critical role of the motor unit, neuromuscular junction, and acetylcholine
(ACh) in the physiology of muscle contraction.
2.19
I can explain the role of calcium and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the physiology of muscle
contraction, and the role of the parathyroid hormone in providing additional calcium from the
skeletal system.
2.20
I can articulate the steps and relative positions of actin and myosin myofilaments in the sliding
filament theory.
2.21
I can articulate how “all or nothing” action potentials can be utilized in graded responses to
produce varying levels of applied force in muscle physiology.
2.22
I can discern between the key features of the three ATP metabolic pathways (phosphagen
system, lactic acid fermentation, and aerobic cellular respiration) in terms of energy
production, muscle fatigue, energy source, and types of exercise that utilize each pathway.
2.23
I can discern between the physiological features of slow (type I) v. fast (type II) twitch
muscle fibers, explaining how each’s mode of cellular respiration determines each’s time to
muscle fatigue.
Case Studies
2.24
I can describe the symptoms, anatomical cause(s), physiological effects, and diagnostic tests
of the four muscular & skeletal conditions examined in the case study:
a. Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
b. Trichinosis
c. Osteoporosis
d. Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)