Soc1500 Final Exam Review
Public Order Crimes – Chapter 13
Public Order Crimes- act interfere with public order, such as loitering for the purposes of prostitution
Immoral acts become crimes if they are harmful to the public
Vigilante- someone who takes the law into their own hands
Moral Crusades- efforts by interest groups to stamp out behaviour they find objectionable
Moral Entrepreneurs- interest groups that attempt to control social life and the legal order for the purpose of promoting
their own personal set of moral values
Paraphilia- abnormal sexual practices that may involve recurrent sexual urges focused on objects, humiliation, or
children
Prostitution- the buying and selling of sex – not illegal in Canada
Brothels- a house of prostitution, typically run by a Madam (a woman who runs the brothel)
Call Girls- prostitutes who make dates via the phone and then service customers in hotel rooms or apartments
Pornography- the exploitation of women and children for male pleasure
Obscenity- sexually explicit material that appeals to the prurient interest of the viewer
Decriminalization- the reduction or elimination of the penalty for a criminal act
Temperance Movement- an organized effort to prohibit the sale of liquor, largely seen as unsuccessful, prohibition was a
failure
Most Widely Used Drugs: Aesthetics (PCP), Volatile liquids (lighter fluid), Barbiturates (sleeping pills), Tranquillizers,
Amphetamines (meth), Cannabis (marijuana), Hallucinogens (LSD), Cocaine, Narcotics (morphine), Steroids, and Alcohol
Designer Drugs- chemical substances made and distributed in relatively small batches for the purpose of inducing moodaltering effects
Claims makers- people in a position to significantly influence the social construction of crime images in the media
Problems with the Law: might be too strict; reflect conservative standards not accepted by the majority, based on
outdated morality
Utilitarianism: Kantian Philosophy- Jeremy Bentham’s “Greatest Happiness Principle”- control through pain and
pleasure, ethical hedonism, and felicific calculus
Moral rightness or wrongness of an adaptation is a function of the amount of pleasure or pain that is produced
John Stuart Mill on Liberty: 2 mechanisms of the control of authority- necessary rights belonging to citizens, and
representative parliament- people will not tyrannize themselves
Problems with Democracy: representation and tyranny of majority- the harm principle (solution)
3 Basic Liberties: Freedom of thought and consciousness, freedom to pursue tastes (opinions, beliefs), freedom of
assembly and association
Benefits of Freedom of Expression: prejudicial beliefs are looked at as ‘the price paid for an inestimable good’
3 Types of Belief: wholly false, partly, and wholly true
Benefit to Common Good: we don’t know if it is true or false until expressed, if it is in error, it could be partly true and
the collision of adverse opinions might produce the whole truth
Benefits of Individuality: it is a pre-requisite for creativity and diversity
Limits of Authority: Relating to harm, it is the consequences or irrational conduct, rather than the conduct itself that
should be punished
Education helps society ensure that a generation as a whole is generally moral
Reaction Offensive Action: those who are offended by an action should simply cease to socialize with those who commit
the action
Utility of Such Freedom: this brings people to the good more effectively than physical, emotional, or financial coercion
Policy Implications: 2 principles- individual is not responsible to the society so long as their action doesn’t harm society,
and those actions that harm society must be punished in accordance with the principles of democracy and fair justice
Harm Prevention: we must prevent harm; we must also do so with an eye of whether that which can cause harm does so
exclusively, we must warn the unaware person, taxation
Source Control- destroying overseas crops and arresting members of drug cartels
How We Know What We Know – Lecture
Miller’s theory of lower-class culture and delinquency: a distinct set of values exist in the lower-class, include toughness,
excitement, and trouble
Testing Miller’s Theory: 1) research question 2) hypothesis 3) data and analysis
Crime of Power – Chapter 12
Sutherland: conspiracies by the wealthy to use their position for personal gain without regard to the law
Consequences: violate trust, lower social morale
Modern Definition- the illegal or unethical acts that violate fiduciary responsibility or public trust, committed by
individual or organization, usually during the course of legitimate occupational activity by persons of high or respectable
social status for person or organizational gain
Exploring White Collar Crime: 4 categories- corporate, government, occupational, organized/professional
Victims: public, organization that employs the offender, competing organizations
4 Components (Edelhertz): ad-hoc violation- committed for personal profit. Abuse of trust- committed against an
organization. Collateral business- committed to protect business. Con games- committed to cheat clients
Causes of White Collar Crime: Neutralizing- because everyone does it then it cannot be bad. Rationalization- society had
developed for white-collar crime, allows offenders financial needs to be met without compromising their values
Theories of White-Collar Crimes: Cultural Deviance Theory- excessive demand coupled with culture of tolerance, social
learning theory, and strain theory- corporations stated goal is in conflict with legal business means
Attitude towards Government: a positive working relationship with governmental overseers will reduce the need for a
secret culture that fosters illegal behaviour as it invites scrutiny
Lack of Internal Control- shaming, encouraging whistle blowers, encouraging inter-corporate cooperation
Hirschi + Gottfredson- disagree with the cultural theories it’s the result of low self-control, self-control in a variable that
interacts with need and opportunity to produce white-collar crimes
Leniency towards White Collar Crimes: Causes of Leniency- conflict theories, public humiliation as punishment, personal
identification by judges and prosecutors, law is seen as unfair, use of civil court
Compliance Strategies- aim for conformity without the necessity of detecting or penalizing violators focus on selfpolicing, evaluation. Economic sanctions don’t work- latent functions, cost to consumer, and cost to shareholders,
maybe insignificant. Difficult to achieve to free market, resources available to corporations make them hard to
prosecute, deterrence, severity, certainty, celerity
Enterprise crimes- illegal acts of opportunity that involve breaking regulatory rules but not personal victimization for the
purpose of financial gain
White Collar Crime- capitalize on a person’s status in the marketplace, including embezzlement, fraud, market
manipulation, restraint of trade, and false advertising
Green Criminology- the study of crimes against the environment, usually for profit. Forms: illegal logging, wildlife
exports, fishing, dumping, and polluting
Cybercrime- use computer technology both for illicit gain, such as a fraud, and for moral crimes such as child
pornography and stalking
Organized Crime- committed by a gang, such as drug trafficking. Characteristics: 1) is a conspiratorial activity 2) has
economic gain as its primary goal 3) activities often work through legitimate activities 4) employs predatory tactics 5)
disciplines its members 6) is not synonymous with the stereotypical mafia 7) doesn’t include terrorists
Alien Conspiracy Theory- view that organized crime was imported from Europe and that crime cartels restrict their
membership to people of their own ethnic background
Occupational Crime- committed by employees for personal gain using the structural advantage provided by their
employment
Grouped into 4 Categories:
1) Corporate- legitimate companies commit crime in the course of their usual business fostered by a strongly
competitive environment
2) Government- committed either by a government officials or with their knowledge and support, as well as coverups of other person’s crime
3) Occupational- people making extra money by bending/breaking rules, perhaps because of business related
problems
4) Organized/Professional- people or groups of people whose primary source of income is illegal
White-Collar Crimes- 4 Categories:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Ad-hoc Violations- committed for personal profit, such as welfare or tax fraud
Abuses of Trust- committed against an organization, such as embezzlement/bribery
Collateral Business Crimes- committed to protect business, such as concealing pollution
Con Games- committed to cheat clients, such as fraudulent land sales or bogus securities
Chiselling- cheating an organization or its customers
Swindling- stealing through deception by individuals who try to bilk people out of their money
Churning- a stock-broker makes repeated trades to fraudulently increase their commissions
Insider Trading- illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of info provided by someone in the company
Arbitrage- the practice of buying large blocks of stock in companies that are believed to be the target of corporate
buyouts or takeovers
2 Major Types of Internet Securities Fraud: 1) Market Manipulation 2) Fraudulent offerings of securities
Corporate Crime- a legal violation by a corporate entity, such as price-fixing
Corporate Culture Theory- crime occurs when obedience to subculture norms and values causes people to break the
rules of conventional society
Pilferage- theft by employees through stealth or deception
Price-Fixing- companies conspire together to artificially inflate the price of goods. 4 forms: predation, identical bidding,
dividing territory, and rotational bidding
Self-Control Theory- variable that interacts with need and opportunity to produce crime
Compliance- encourages law-abiding behaviour through both the threat of economic sanctions and the promise of
rewards for conformity
Deterrence- the act of preventing crime before it occurs by means of the threat of criminal sanctions
Violent Crime – Chapter 10
Murderous youths suffer signs of major neurological impairments, low intelligence, and psychotic symptoms
Brutalization Process- the 1st stage in a violent career, during which parents victimize children, causing them to develop
a belligerent, angry demeanour. Stages: abuse causes belligerent demeanour, when confronted they respond with
hostility, success of confrontation provides them with a sense of power, virulence stage- develop a violent identity .
Freud- humans have 2 opposing instinctual drives: Eros- the life instinct drives people to self-fulfilment and enjoyment.
Thanatos- death instinct drives people toward aggression and violence.
Konrad Lorenz believes humans have some of the same aggressive instincts as animals except humans lack important
inhibitions ex killing our own, animals wouldn’t cause self-extinction
Marvin Wolfgang – different subculture norms than society’s central system, violence is used to solve conflicts
Psychopharmacological- effect of a mood-altering substance, which can produce a violent change in behaviour
Instrumental Crime- illegal actions taken to obtain desired goods and services though theft and other crime
Crime-Related Violence- committed during the course of another crime
Expressive Violence- designed not for profit but to vent anger or frustration
Conflict-Related Violence- expressive crime of passion involving acquaintances
Gendered Violence- some forms of violence tend to be committed against women by men
Rape contains 3 elements: Anger- expressing rage, Power- possess them sexually, and Sexuality- sadistic and aggression,
and 2 categories: Stranger and Acquaintance
Date Rape- occurs between acquaintances – lowest level of reporting
Marital Exemption- prohibiting the prosecution of husbands for the rape of their wives
Consent- the agreement of the victim to have sexual relations with another person
Shield Laws- designed to protect rape victims by prohibiting the defence attorney from inquiring about their previous
sexual relationships
Corroboration- the backing up of a claim of sexual assault by a 3rd party
Thrill Killings- impulsive violent murders motivated by the killers decision to kill a stranger as an act of daring or
recklessness
Gang Killings- committed by gangs who make violence part of their group activity
Cult Killings- committed by members of religious cults who are ordered to kill as part of the cults rituals
Mass Murder- one who kills a large number of people in a single incident
4 Types of Serial Killers: 1) visionary 2) mission-oriented 3) hedonistic 4) power/control oriented
Robbery- the use of force to obtain money or goods (amount of force) - differs from theft (value of an item)
Settings: in places where money is exchanged, in open areas, on private premises, aftermath of a chance meeting, after
previous association of some duration
Robber Specialties: 1) professional 2) opportunist 3) addict 4) alcoholic
Why are we violent?: Personal Traits- characteristics: major neurological impairment, low intelligence, psychotic
symptoms. Ineffective Families- abusive or inadequate parenting, seeing violence at home or being abused.
Evolutionary Factors: Freud and evolutionary psych, Eros and Thantos. Darwin and evolutionary biology
Cultural Values: theory of cultural learning
Regional Values: could be due to range of social inequality, if the range is low, then crime is low. Kennedy and Silverman
say crime rate increases as you move from the East to the West
Substance Abuse: actual effects of drugs, out of need to obtain drugs, in relation to drug trafficking
Sexual Assault- more than a sexual act but a violent, coercive act of aggression
Causes of Rape: Male Socialization- separating sex from affection and sexual insecurity, Social Learning- role of media
and porn, sexual motivation. Can create reasonable doubt, s. 265.4 and 276.1 of Criminal Code
Legal Trend in Law- consent, shield laws, corroboration, right of the accused. s. 273.1 of CC requires sexual activity to be
voluntary, consent not given if too drunk
Murder- the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought. Degrees: 1st- mens rea and malice actus reus,
2nd- malice actus reus, Manslaughter- negligence
Luckenbill claims victim makes an offensive move, perp retaliates, leads to a fight and death
Homicide network links victims, suspects, and witnesses together, instigator of one criminal act becomes the victim of
another, revenge
Causes of Sexual Abuse: familial stress, low socioeconomic sectors, presences of step parents, poor parenting skills,
marital violence, alcohol/drug abuse, large family size, and disability in child
Spousal Abuse: both women and men are the agitators of violence, and that much abuse goes unreported, gender roles
in committing and reporting violence. Schwartz and DeKerseredy say there are cases of husband battering but typically
involve a defensive measure taken by a previously abused spouse
Crimes in the 21st Century – Chapter 14
Canada fourth in the world for workplace aggression
Infotechnology (IT)- the use of computer networks and communications for education and commerce
Globalization- the creation of international markets, politics, and legal systems
Cybertheft- the use of computer technology to commit traditional crimes
Cybervandalism- the use of computer technology for malicious purposes
Cyberwar- the use of computer technology and communications to disrupt networks of foreign governments
Theft Methods: 1) Trojan Horse- 1 computer is used to reprogram another for illicit purposes 2) Salami Slice- a dummy
account is used to steal from customers’ accounts 3) Super Zapping- a maintenance program orders cheques issued to a
private account 4) Logic Bomb- a virus program is attached to the company’s computer system 5) Impersonationunauthorized use of an authorized users identity to gain access 6) Data Leakage- illegally obtaining data from a system
by leaking it in small amounts
Denial of Service Attack- an assault triggered when computers bombard a server with so many requests for service that
it shuts down
Warez- the practice of illegally copying software and posting it on the internet for others to use
3 Major Types of Securities Fraud: 1) Market Manipulation 2) Fraudulent Offerings of Securities 3) Illegal Touting
Phishing- the setting up of phoney websites to gain access to people’s personal info
Vishing- this practice uses voice over internet (VOIP) software to access personal info
Etailing Fraud- the selling of illegal or intentionally misrepresented goods over the internet
Cyber Espionage- the use of computer networks and communications to commit espionage
Transnational Organized Crime- operates across international boundaries, transporting people and stolen goods
Political Crime- any action of, or in opposition to the state. Goals: intimidation, revolution, profit, conviction, pseudoconviction. To be a political crime an act must carry with it the intent to disrupt and change the government, not
committed for greed, believe actions will benefit society and create social change
Political terrorism – directed at those who oppose the terrorists’ political ideology or against those whom terrorists
define as outsiders
Election Fraud- practices designed to undermine the fair procedures of a democratic election
Espionage- spying against a foreign government
State Political Crime- illegal actions by a state against its population or other sovereign governments
Terrorism- a wide variety of violent acts that have a political motivation, may be aimed at promoting an ideology
Jerrold M Post talks about how terrorists are driven to commit acts of violence as a consequence of psychological
problems that rationalize their acts, heightened perceptions
Revolutionary terrorists – use violence as a tool to invoke fear in those in power, want someone in power who holds
acceptable political views, use kidnapping and assassination
Nationalistic terrorism – promotes the interests of minority ethnic or religious groups that feel that they have been
persecuted under majority rule, FLQ which lead to the use of the War Measures Act by Pierre Trudeau
Non-Political Terrorism- groups that support certain social and religious causes use violence to address grievances ex
abortion clinics, protesters have bombed and killed, PETA
State sponsored terrorism – occurs when a repressive government oppresses its citizens and stifles political dissent,
Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch report on incidences
Guerrilla – little war, used interchangeably with terrorism
Assassin – means hashish eater, Arabic term referring to a drug using Muslim terrorist group
Insurgents- people acting against their government, seeking to secure a revolution or disruption of the state
Structural Violence- state-sponsored terrorism that involves physical harm caused by the unequal distribution of wealth
Terror Cells- no one member knows all the other members of the group
Networks- loosely organized terrorist organizations that lack a specific organizational structure
Response to Terrorism- Canada has given police new powers of arrest without warrant, increase in detainment, fear of
civil rights violations, US made the Delta Force, combination of the four services, activities kept secret
Legal Efforts- froze assets of groups with connections to terrorist activity, expansion on wiretaps, search warrants,
subpoenas, phone and computer monitoring