Final Exam 2014 Study Guide
Name________________________
Inheritance Terms to Know:
trait, chromosome, gene, alleles, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, purebred, hybrid,
dominant, recessive, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, multiple alleles, carriers,
homologous chromosomes (maternal/paternal chromosomes), haploid, diploid, gametes (egg & sperm),
crossing over, fertilization, zygote, test cross, pedigree, autosomes, sex chromosomes, sister chromatids,
monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, polygenic trait
3.1 Inheritance Patterns
1. Compare sexual and asexual reproduction. Use the terms mitosis and meiosis in your explanation.
2. Explain how sexual reproduction increases genetic variation.
3. Draw a replicated homologous pair of chromosomes. Label the sister chromatids and
centromere.
4. Complete the following steps:
a. Draw a cell that has 3 pairs of homologous chromosomes and take the cells through
the following phases of meiosis. (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I,
Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II)
b. Label all phases with their names.
c. Identify the diploid and haploid portions.
d. Label in your drawing where crossing over would occur & what is the result of crossing over?
5. What is the diploid number for humans? _____ What is the haploid number for humans? ____________
6. Are human body cells (somatic cells) diploid or haploid? _________
7. a. What is a karyotype?
b. How many chromosomes are in a normal human karyotype?
c. What can be determine from analyzing a karyotype?
8. a. How many autosomes do human males have?______
b. How many X chromosomes do human males have? ______
c. How many Y chromosomes do human males have? ______
9. a. How many autosomes do human females have? ______
b. How many X chromosomes do human females have? ______
c. How many Y chromosomes do human females have? ______
10. Describe nondisjunction and explain how it can results in a monosomy or trisomy.
Give an example of monosomy and trisomy.
3.2 Mendelian Inheritance
11. Alternate forms of genes are called _____________. (Ex.- T or t)
12. What do the following letters mean when you are talking about genetics and inheritance?
a. Pb. F1c. F2-
13. Complete the following crosses. Give genotypic/phenotypic ratios. Show your work.
(T= tongue roller t = non-roller)
a. TT X Tt
b. TT X tt
c. Tt X Tt
14. In the Punnett squares above, label the following genotypes:
homozygous dominant, heterozygous and homozygous recessive.
15. When humans reproduce, what is the probability the offspring will be male? Use a punnett square to
explain your answer.
16. Describe Mendel’s principles:
a. Dominanceb. Segregationc. Independent Assortment17. Complete the following dihybrid crosses and give the phenotypic ratios.
(T = tall; t = short; R = round; r = wrinkled)
a.
TtRR X TtRr
b. TTRr X Ttrr
18. What is a pedigree? What do circles and squares represent in pedigrees?
Use the pedigree to answer the following questions.
I
1
II
1
III
2
3
2
3
1
4
2
3
4
4
5
6
5
7
6
7
5
6
8
9
8
19. Identify the genotypes of the following individuals using the pedigree above.
(homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, heterozygous)
III-3:
II-1:
I-1:
20. Is the trait in the above pedigree dominant or
recessive? Explain.
21. What is a test cross? Using a monohybrid
square, create an example. Be sure to label
the genotypes and phenotypes of your
parents and offspring.
II-4:
3.3 Non-Mendelian Inheritance
22. Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. Complete the following crosses and show your
work. Give the phenotypic ratio for each.
a. A carrier female marries a colorblind male
b. Colorblind female marries a normal male
23. Suppose a person with type A blood and a person with type B blood get married. What are the
possible genotypes and phenotypes their children could have?
24. Hemophilia is a sex-linked disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. A hybrid female and
a normal male have a male child. What is the chance of the child having hemophilia?
25. The color of the flowers of a snapdragon plant illustrates incomplete dominance. Two alleles are
present for color - red (F) and white (f). However, when a red flower plant is crossed with a white
flowered plant, a pink flowered plant is the result. Cross a red flower plant with a pink flowered
plant. Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
26. Use the information provided below to create a pedigree. Then answer the question at the end of
each description.
A man and woman marry. They have five children, 2 girls and 3 boys. The mother is a carrier of
hemophilia, an X-linked disorder. She passes the gene on to two of the boys who died in
childhood and one of the daughters is also a carrier. Both daughters marry men without
hemophilia and have 3 children (2 boys and a girl). The carrier daughter has one son with
hemophilia. One of the non-carrier daughter’s sons marries a woman who is a carrier and they
have twin daughters. What is the percent chance that each daughter will also be a carrier?
27. Explain the difference between co-dominance and incomplete dominance and give an example of
each.
Evolution Terms to Know:
relative vs. absolute dating, half-life, radioactive dating, homologous structures, vestigial structures,
analogous structures, gene flow, (biological) species, natural selection, fossil
4.1 Natural Selection and the Modern Synthesis
28. Describe how each evolutionary theorist would explain why giraffes have long necks.
Lamarck –
Darwin
29. The following items are to be answered with this key. Identify the person(s) who are associated
with each statement.
A. Darwin
B. Lamarck
C. Darwin and Lamarck
D. neither one
a.
Organisms will develop new body structures when needed.
b.
A species will change over many generations when individuals with certain traits produce
more offspring than individuals with other traits.
c.
Within every population individuals will have a variety of traits.
d.
Because of an individual’s need to become stronger or faster its offspring will have these
traits.
30. Describe how each of the following illustrates natural selection in action.
a. pesticide resistanceb. antibiotic resistance31. Organisms try to adapt. Explain whether this statement is true or false.
32. What is the difference between evolution and natural selection?
33. Be able to compare and contrast convergent evolution, divergent evolution and adaptive
radiation.
34. How do genetic drift and mutations contribute to evolution?
4.2 Evidence for Evolution
35. Describe how scientists use each type of evidence to explain evolution.
Comparative biochemistry (DNA), Comparative anatomy (vestigial, analogous and homologous),
Comparative embryology, Fossil record (relative and radioactive dating),
Biogeography (temporal isolation, spatial isolation, etc)
36. Construct a cladogram using the following organisms and their characteristics.
37. Using the phylogenetic (evolutionary) tree, answer
the following questions.
a.
Which organisms are most closely related to
wolves?
b.
Which organism shares the most recent
common ancestor with skunks?
Ecology Terms to Know:
species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, niche, limiting factors, biotic vs. abiotic factors,
autotrophs/producers, heterotrophs/consumers (primary, secondary, tertiary), herbivore, carnivore,
omnivore, decomposer/detritivore, symbiosis, trophic level,
5.1 Populations
38. Outline how populations are affected by natality (birth), mortality (death), immigration, and
emigration.
39. Compare and contrast exponential and logistic growth. Draw the graphs of the J and S curve and
use the graphs in your explanation.
40. What is carrying capacity and what factors contribute to an ecosystem’s carrying capacity?
41. Explain why cyclic fluctuations (boom/bust) exist in predator-prey populations.
42. Define density dependent factors and provide two examples. Define density independent factors
and provide two examples.
5.2 Ecosystems
43. Define ecosystem and explain why there are different types found in the biosphere.
44. Predict how a food web would be impacted by introducing a potentially hazardous substance,
such as DDT. (Don’t just say it will change!!)
45. a. What is the 10% rule?
b. Where does the rest of the energy (90%) go?
c. Be able to calculate the amount of energy passed from one trophic level to another.
46. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
47. List six abiotic and six biotic factors in the biome you live in.
48. What do the arrows represent?
__________________________________________________
49. What is the term for each step in the transfer of energy
called? ____________________________________________
50. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food
web?
51. Why are the producers so important for a food web?
_______________________________________________________________
52. What organisms receive the highest percent of energy
from the sun? ____________________________
53. Label all of the following in the picture:
Producer, consumer (primary, secondary, tertiary), herbivore, carnivore, omnivore
54. Predict how food webs could be impacted by introducing a new species. (Don’t just say it will
change)
55. Define and provide an example for each of the following ecological relationships:
a. predator/prey-
Example:
b. mutualism-
Example:
c. commensalism-
Example:
d. parasitism-
Example:
56. How are scientific names written? Use an example to illustrate the specific characteristics of a
scientific name.
Scientific Process
Review how to graph and the following terms: independent and dependent variable, control, constant