Plants
(Kingdom Plantae)
• Plants are…..
*Multicellular (made of many cells)
*Eukaryotic (cells)
*Autotrophic (photosynthesize to make their
own food)
Plants
(Kingdom Plantae)
Animal Cells
vs.
Plant Cells
Plants
(Kingdom Plantae)
Non-vascular Plants
Low growing plants,
found in moist, shaded
areas where water is in
regular supply
• Include “groundcover” plants, like
moss
• Lack vascular tissue (xylem and
phloem). Draw up water by
osmosis and transfer it by cell to
cell contact
• Needs water for reproduction
• Can live in many different
environments from polar regions
to the tropics
Vascular Plants
Seedless and seed plants with
vascular tissue that can
grow to great heights in any
environment
• Includes ferns, gymnosperms and
angiosperms
• Have vascular tissues to transport
water and nutrients around the
plant against gravity
• Can reproduce without water by
pollination and seeds
• Very diverse group of plants
• Populate most of the earth
Plants
(Kingdom Plantae)
Non-vascular Plants
Vascular Plants
Plants
(Kingdom Plantae)
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Plants
(Kingdom Plantae)
Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms
Comparing Features of Seed Plants
Feature
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Seeds
Bear their seeds on cones
Bear their seeds within
flowers
Reproduction
Can reproduce without
water; male gametophytes
are contained in pollen
grains; fertilization occurs
by pollination
Can reproduce without
water; male gametophytes
are contained in pollen
grains; fertilization occurs
by pollination
Examples
Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes,
gnetophytes
Grasses, flowering trees
and shrubs, wildflowers,
cultivated flowers
The 5 Main Parts of a Plant
Buck Wheat
Roots:
Two Types
Tap Root
Fibrous Root
Root Structure
Root Structure
Root Functions
•
•
•
•
Anchor the plant
Absorb water and dissolved nutrients
Prevent erosion of the soil around it
Prevent disease
Stems- Major functions
• Connects roots to leaves
• Transports water and dissolved nutrients
(minerals) to all parts of the plant
• Transports food (glucose) around the plant
• Allows plants to grow vertically (Hold leaves up
to the sunlight)
• Produces leaves, branches and flowers
Types of Stems
Monocot
Dicot
Stems- 2 Types of Growth
• Primary Growth Apical meristems located at
the tips of shoots and roots produce primary
growth. The tissues that result from primary
growth are known as primary tissues.
• Secondary Growth Secondary growth
increases a plant’s stem and root width. In
woody stems, secondary growth is produced by
the cork cambium and vascular cambium, two
meristems near the outside of the stem.
The Vascular Plant Body
Vascular Tissues
•Vascular Tissues Vascular tissue conducts water,
minerals, and organic compounds throughout the
plant.
•Xylem Xylem contains vessels, which are made up
of cells that conduct water only after they lose their
cytoplasm. Water flows between cells through pits
and perforations in their cell walls.
•Phloem Phloem contains sieve tubes, which are
made up of cells that are still living. Substances pass
between the cells through pores.
Leaf functions
• Photosynthesis: Structure is optimized for absorbing
light and carrying out photosynthesis
• Transpiration: Loss of water through the leaves.
Important for photosynthesis. Lost water is replaced
by water drawn in by xylem vessels in the vascular
tissue.
• Gas Exchange: Leaves take in CO2 and give off O2
during photosynthesis.
– Done by stomata (small pores) regulated by guard
cells.
– Guard cells allow photosynthesis to take place
without losing excess water.
The Leaf - Structure
Cuticle
Veins
Epidermis
Palisade
mesophyll
Phloem
Vein
Xylem
Spongy
mesophyll
Epidermis
Stoma
Guard
cells
Transport in Plants
Movement of Water
•Transpiration: Transpiration, the loss of water from
a plant’s leaves, creates a pull that draws water up
through xylem from roots to leaves.
•Guard Cells and Transpiration: Guard cells
control water loss by closing a plant’s stomata when
water is scarce. Thus, they also regulate the rate of
transpiration.
Structure of Guard Cells
Guard cells
Guard cells
Inner cell wall
Inner cell wall
Stoma
Stoma Open
Stoma Closed
The Structure of a
Flower
Stamen
Anther
Filament
Ovule
Stigma
Style
Carpel
Ovary
Petal
Sepal
Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants
Characteristics
Wind-pollinated
Plants
Animal-pollinated
Plants
Pollination method
Wind pollination
Vector pollination
Relative efficiency of
pollination method
Less efficient
More efficient
Plant types
Mostly gymnosperms and Angiosperms
some angiosperms
Reproductive organs
Cones
Flowers
Adaptations that
promote pollination
Pollination drop
Bright colors, sweet
nectar
Fruit
Simple, Aggregate, Multiple and Dry
• Simple Fruits: These fruit types are produced by flowers
containing one pistil, the main female reproductive organ of a
flower.
• Aggregate Fruits: These fruits types are developed from
flowers which have more than one pistils. They consist of
mass of small drupes that develops from a separate ovary of
a single flower.
• Multiple Fruits: These fruit types are developed not from one
single flower but by a cluster of flowers.
• Dry Fruits: These fruit types are developed from plant parts
other than the ovary.
Fruit
Simple, Aggregate, Multiple and Dry
• Simple Fruits: Grapes, tomatoes, avocados, limes,
cucumbers, apples, pumpkin, coconut, olive, pear
• Aggregate Fruits: Strawberry, blackberry, raspberry,
boysenberry, loganberry, cloudberry, wineberry
• Multiple Fruits: Pineapple, pomegranate, kiwi, passion fruit
• Dry Fruits: Sweet pea, beans, peanut, wheat, oats, rice, corn,
walnut, hazelnut, chestnut, acorn
Comparison of Monocot to Dicot plant parts
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds
Single
cotyledon
Two
cotyledons
Leaves
Parallel
veins
Branched
veins
Flowers
Floral parts
often in
multiples of 3
Floral parts often
in multiples
of 4 or 5
Stems
Vascular
bundles
scattered
throughout stem
Vascular
bundles
arranged in
a ring
Roots
Fibrous roots
Taproot
Tropisms: the response of plants to external stimuli
•Controlled by
hormones called
“auxins”
•Control plant growth
and development
•Control plant
response to
environment
•Stimulate cell
elongation
Photoperiodism and Flowering
Responsible for
the timing of
seasonal
activities such as
flowering and
growth.
Short-Day Plant
Midnight
Noon
Long Day
Midnight
Noon
Short Day
Midnight
Noon
Interrupted Night
Long-Day Plant