■ Essential Question:
–How did different values lead to
different American subcultures in
the Chesapeake, Southern,
New England, & Middle colonies?
Four Colonial Subcultures
■ The different values of the migrants
(colonists) created the unique
“personalities” of each of the newly
created colonies; it led to distinct (not
unified) colonies
–The Chesapeake
–New England
–Middle Colonies
–The Lower South
European
Settlements in
North America
by 1660
Chesapeake Colonies:
Virginia & Maryland
Chesapeake
Colonies
The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth
■ After Walter Raleigh's failed Roanoke
settlement, there was little interest in
colonizing America; but some people
kept promoting colonies:
– chances to gain wealth
– compete with Spain, Holland,
France
–Nationalism, anti-Catholicism, &
anti-Spanish feelings
Entrepreneurs in Virginia
■ The major obstacle to colonizing in
America was funding (where to get
the money for it); Queen Elizabeth
would not spend tax dollars on this:
–Joint-stock companies provided
financing for colonies
–In 1606, King James gave the
London Company the 1st charter
(formal permission) to establish
colonies in America
The London
Company,
1606
The London Co was later renamed the
Virginia Company; English stockholders in
Virginia Company expected instant profits
“The Virginia Colony”
Reading & Discussion
■Based upon the reading
–What were the expectations of
the early Jamestown colonists?
–What were conditions like
during the early years of the
Jamestown colony?
Entrepreneurs in Virginia
■ Jamestown was settled in 1607
along
the Chesapeake
Bay:
Chesapeake
colonists did not
work for the
–the
location
unhealthy
common
goodwas
& many
starved but
to death
easy to defend from Spanish
ships (but not from inland Indians)
–Settlers had no experience in
founding a settlement
–Colonists expected to become
immediately wealthy & failed to
plant crops or prepare for longterm habitation in America
Jamestown Fort, 1609
Jamestown Colony
Spinning Out of Control
Captain
John Smith
■In 1608, John Smith
imposed
order in Jamestown & traded for
food with natives
■But, Jamestown faced difficulties:
The most powerful Native
–Poor
leadership
harsh winters
Americans
east of &
Mississippi
River
led to starving time (1609-1610)
–In 1622 & 1644, Jamestown was
attacked by Powhatan Indians
Confederacy
The 1622Powhatan
Powhatan uprising
killed 347
Saved by a “Stinking Weed”
■John Rolfe introduced a tobacco
hybrid that gave Jamestown a
cash crop economy
Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produced 20,000
pounds of tobacco
1622 — Despite losing nearly 1/3
of its colonists in an Indian attack,
60,000 pounds produced
1627 — Virginia produced
500,000 pounds of tobacco
1629 — Virginia produced
1,500,000 pounds of tobacco
Saved by a “Stinking Weed”
■In 1618, headrights were used to
encourage cultivation of tobacco
& the settlement of Jamestown:
– A 50-acre lot was granted to
each colonist who paid for his
own transportation, or for each
servant brought into the colony
– Led to huge tobacco plantations
& thousands of new settlers who
hoped to make their fortunes
English Migration, 1610-1660
Virginia’s
growth
was due
largely to
headrights
Why was 1619 a pivotal
year for the Chesapeake
settlement?
Virginia House of Burgesses
■In 1619, Virginia colonists created
a legislative assembly to create
local taxes & oversee finances
■The Virginia
House of
Burgesses
became the 1st
legislative
assembly in
America
How Many Slaves?
■ In 1619, the 1st African slaves
arrived in Jamestown
–In the 17th century, 1,000 slaves
arrived in the New World per year
–Through the 18th century,
5.5 million arrived in America
–By 1860, 11 million slaves were
brought to the New World
–Before 1831, more African slaves
came to America than Europeans
Population of the Chesapeake Colonies:
1607-1750
Time of Reckoning
■ Despite the profits from tobacco, Virginia was
a deadly place to live
– Many died from disease
– Numerous Powhatan attacks
– Indentured servants (people who worked
for someone for several years in return for
the cost of their trip being paid) were
treated badly & cheated out of land when
servitude ended
– Few females (6 men for every 1 woman)
made families or reproduction (growing the
colony) difficult
Corruption and Reform
■In 1624, king got rid of Virginia
Company & made Virginia a royal
colony
–But colonists continued to meet
in the House of Burgesses
■Very little changed; Jamestown
colonists still focused on tobacco
& were not really united
Jamestown
Colonization
Pattern,
1620-1660
The
Maryland
Colony
Maryland: A Refuge (place of protection)
for Catholics
■ Initiated by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for
English Catholics
– In 1632, Charles I
granted a charter for
Maryland
– To recruit laborers,
Baltimore required
toleration among
Catholics & Protestants
for
Lord
Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics
■Wealthy Catholics proved
unwilling to relocate to America
so Maryland became populated
largely by poor Protestant farmers
& indentured servants:
–Maryland had few large tobacco
plantations
–Farmers (mostly poor tobacco
planters) lived in scattered
riverfront settlements
■Essential Question:
–How did differences in values
affect distinct American
subcultures in the Chesapeake,
New England, Southern, &
Middle colonies?
New England Colonies
New England
Colonies, 1650
Reforming England in America
■There were 2 extremist religious
groups in England:
–Catholics (many settled in
Maryland)
–Puritans who wanted Anglican
(Protestant) Church stripped of
Catholic rituals (made up of
conservative “Puritans” &
radical “Pilgrims”)
The Pilgrims in Plymouth
■ Pilgrims were separatists (people who
broke away) who refused to worship in the
Anglican (Protestant) Church; fled to
Holland to in attempt to not give up
religious beliefs
■ Moved to America in order to maintain
distinct identity & settled in New England
■ Formed the Mayflower Compact among
settlers (became the 1st American form of
self-gov’t)
The “Mayflower Compact”
Reading & Discussion
■What are the Pilgrims agreeing
to do by signing the Mayflower
Compact?
■Is this a religious or a political
document? Explain
Reforming
England
in America
The origins
of Thanksgiving
■Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620
–Faced disease & hunger;
received help from local natives
–Plymouth was a society of small
farming villages bound together
by mutual agreement
– had trouble attracting new
people to colony
–In 1691, Plymouth was absorbed
into the larger, more successful
Massachusetts Bay colony
“The Great Migration”
■Puritans were more conservative
than Pilgrims & wished to remain
within the Church of England:
–Believed in predestination, fought
social sins, & despised Catholic
rituals in the Anglican Church
–In 1629, many Puritans felt King
Charles I was ruining England
■From 1630-1640, John Winthrop
led 16,000 Puritans to the
Massachusetts Bay colony
The Great Puritan Migration
“A City on a Hill”
■ Winthrop emphasized a common spiritual
goal: to create a “city on a hill” as beacon
of good behavior,ideas, and morals
■ New England experienced unique trends
amongst its population:
– Settlers usually came as families
– NE was a generally healthy place to live
– Settlers sacrificed self-interest for the
good of the community
“A City on a Hill”
■ As Mass Bay colony grew beyond
Boston, towns began to develop their
own unique personalities:
–Each town was independently
governed by local church members
(Congregationalism)
–Allowed voting by all adult male
church members (women & blacks
joined but could not vote)
–Officials were responsible to God,
not the people they represented
“A City on a Hill”
■ NE town gov’ts were autonomous
(ruled themselves) & most people
participated due to common religious
values
■ Massachusetts Bay was more
peaceful than other colonies:
–Passed system of laws and created
civil courts to maintain order & settle
differences
Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams
■Puritans never supported religious
toleration, esp Roger Williams:
–Williams was a separatist who
questioned the validity of the
colony’s charter because the
land was not bought from natives
–Promoted “liberty of conscience”
where God (not leaders) would
punish people for their “wrong”
religious ideas
■Expelled to Rhode Island in 1636
Limits of Dissent: Anne Hutchinson
■Anne Hutchinson believed she
was directly inspired by God:
–Believed that “converted” people
do not need to follow man’s
laws; they only need to follow
God’s laws
–Hutchinson challenged Mass
Bay’s religious leaders
■She was banished to Rhode Island
Mobility and Division
■After absorbing Plymouth, the
Massachusetts
colony grew &
spawned 4 new
colonies:
–New Hampshire
–Rhode Island
–Connecticut
–New Haven
Mobility and Division
■New Hampshire formed in 1677;
grew very slowly & was
dependent upon Mass Bay
■Connecticut formed in 1662 due to
fertile lands; resembled Mass Bay
–Fundamental Orders was model
of civil gov’t based on religious
principles (the 1st written
constitution in American history)
Mobility and Division
■New Haven set up in 1636
because Puritan leaders wanted
a colony with closer relationship
between church & state (gov’t.)
■Rhode Island attracted
independent colonists who
practiced religious toleration
(founded by Roger Williams)
New
England
Colonies,
1650
The Middle Colonies:
New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania,
Delaware
The
Middle
Colonies,
1685
New York
■NY was established as “New
Netherlands” by the Dutch West
India Co. (the great economic
rival to England & Spain)
■Its small population was diverse;
included Finns, Swedes,
Germans, Africans, & Dutch
■In 1664, the English fleet
captured the colony with little
resistance
New York
■ After begin taken by England, New York
(which included New Jersey, Delaware, &
Maine) became the personal property of
James, the Duke of York
– people living there had no political voice
beyond the local level
– James gained little profit from the colony
Pennsylvania
■Pennsylvania founded by a radical
religious group called Quakers
■Quakers believed in “Inner Light”:
– Rejected idea of original sin &
predestination
– Believed that each person could
communicate directly with God
– All are equal in eyes of God &
can be saved
Penn's "Holy Experiment"
■Quakers were persecuted in New
England for their beliefs; William
Penn founded Pennsylvania in
1681 as a “holy experiment”
– a society run on Quaker beliefs
that stress religious toleration &
protection of the rights of
property-less
–Appealed to English, Welsh,
Irish, German immigrants
Quick Discussion Question:
In what ways was Penn’s
“holy experiment” in Pennsylvania
similar to Winthrop’s “city on a hill?”
William
Penn
&
Native
Americans
Settling Pennsylvania
■Immigration to PA led to a very
ethnically, nationally, & religiously
diverse population
■Quarrels were common (unlike
homogeneous VA & Mass Bay
colonies), but PA prospered
■In 1701, Penn granted self-rule to
PA colonists & independence to
Delaware counties
Urban
Population
Growth:
1650-1775
The Lower South
Settling
the Lower
South
Carolina
■Although Carolina relied on slave
labor & agriculture (& therefore
looked like Chesapeake colonies)
it was very different due to:
–Diversity of settlers
–Environment very different from
the Chesapeake
Carolina
was
established
as
a
“political
utopia”
Proprietors
of
the
Carolinas
& experimented with early forms of democracy
■Carolina granted charter in 1663
to eight owners to reward their
loyalty:
–Proprietors created a
government led by wealthy
lawmakers but with veto power
for average citizens
–But Carolina had difficulty
recruiting settlers in its first years
The Barbadian Connection
■ English planters from the Caribbean island
of Barbados were recruited to Charles
Town:
– Barbadians brought a strict, cruel slave
code with them
– Demanded greater self-gov’t within
Carolina; led to 1729 conflict that led to
division of colony into North & South
Carolinas
Charles Town, South Carolina,
the only southern port
Indigo & Rice: crops of
the Carolinas
The
Carolinas
and
Georgia
Founding
of Georgia
Georgia was
in many ways
a “social utopia”
because it offered
a fresh start
many
■Georgia
was founded
in for
1732
byof
the lowest English citizens
James Oglethorpe as a buffer
between the Carolinas & Spanish
Florida
■Oglethorpe offered Georgia as a
refuge for imprisoned debtors
from England
■By 1751, Georgia was a small
colony with a slave-owning
plantation society
A secretary
of one
of
The
Proprietary
Colonies
By
Lord Baltimore
as
8
proprietors
hoped
the
proprietors
was
a heaven
forEnglish
Catholics
Granted
to
William
Penn
(son
■
Most
were
created
to create
a politically
GivenJohn
as aLocke
gift to
the colonies
James,
English
naval
hero)
as a had
by
royal
charter,
but
democratic
colony
Dukeof
ofaYork
(the
brother
of some
land of
religious
King
Charles
II) freedom
charters
granted
land to individuals:
–Maryland (1634)
–Carolina (1663)
–New York (1664)
–New Jersey (1665)
–New Hampshire (1680)
–Pennsylvania (1681)
–Delaware (1704)
Conclusions
■All the colonies faced early an
struggle to survive
■Distinct regional differences
intensified & persisted throughout
the colonial period
■It was not until the American
Revolution that colonists began to
see themselves as a distinct
“American” people
Closure Question
■ Did any of these colonies live up
to the expectations of their
founders:
–Virginia?
–Massachusetts Bay?
–Carolina?
–Pennsylvania?
■ Which colony would you have
chosen to live in? Why?