Chapter 14

In this chapter you will
Identify the structures and analyze terms related to the lymphatic system.
Learn terms that describe the basic elements of the immune system.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper context.

Lymph
Watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of lymph vessels
Contains WBCs, lymphocytes and monocytes.
Contains water, salts, sugars, and waste products of metabolism.

Lymph Nodes
Clusters of lymph tissues.
Functions of lymph system

Transports proteins back to blood

Absorb fats and transport back to blood

Important role is immune system

Introduction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BX8fBl me9vQ

Interstitial fluid and lymph capillaries – page 547

Figure 14-2 p. 547 – Blood and lymph circulation

SPLEEN – page 550
• Destroys old red blood cells.
• Filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of the blood.
• Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration. B cells produce antibodies.
• Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets

Specialized Lymphatic Organs : organs composed of lymph tissue
Thymus gland

Located in the upper mediastinum between the lungs

Secretes a hormone called thymosin which stimulates the bone marrow to produce T lymphocytes , which are important in the immune response

THYMUS GLAND – page 550
• Provides immunity in fetal life and in early years of growth.
• Makes cells immunocompetent in early life.
• Early removal from an animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and produce cells to fight antigens.

Specialized Lymphatic Organs : organs composed of lymph tissue
Tonsils

Help protect against bacteria and other harmful substances that may enter the body through the nose or mouth

Types of Immunity – page 551

Immune Response – page 533
B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity.
 originate in bone marrow from stem cells
 transform into plasma cells to produce immunoglobulins, antibodies that neutralize antigens

Immune Response
(cont’d)
T lymphocytes are responsible for cellmediated immunity. The function of T cells varies:

Cytotoxic T cells (T8 cells) attach to and attack antigens.



Other T cells secrete interferons and interleukins that help cells respond to antigens.
Helper T cells promote antibody synthesis by B cells and stimulate other T cells.
Suppressor T cells inhibit B and T cells.

The Immune Response

Immunotherapy Examples
Vaccines: killed tumor cells produce cytokines that enhance the immune response
Dendritic cells: cultured and exposed outside body and reinfused
Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb): multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells
Donor lymphocyte infusions: T cells, infused after allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow transplant, attack tumor (leukemia treatment)

Vocabulary – pages 554-555
Adenoids – mass of lymphatic tissue in nasopharynx
Antibody – Protein produced by b cell lymphocytes to destroy antigens
Antigen – substance body recognizes as foreign.

Vocabulary
Cervical nodes – lymph nodes in neck region.
Inguinal nodes – lymph nodes in the groin region.
Lymph – thin watery fluid found in lymphatic vessels

Review Vocabulary Words

p. 556 - 557

COMBINING FORMS immun/o lymph/o lymphaden/o splen/o thym/o tox/o protection lymph lymph node spleen thymus gland poison

PREFIXES
PREFIXES
Prefix ana-
Meaning again, anew interbetween

Terminology

autoimmune diseases
Auto immun/o: protection
Self protection http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0 mz33fLJGwQ

immunoglobulin immun/o - protection
Globulin - protein
Protection protein http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H
NP1EAYLhOs

Immunosuppression immun/o
-suppression: to stop
To stop protection

lymphopoiesis lymph/o: lymph
-poiesis: formation
Formation of lymph

lymphedema lymph/o: lymph
-edema: swelling lymph swelling http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gtx7Biosioc

lymphocytopenia lymph/o - lymph cyt/o - cell
-penia - deficiency
Deficiency of lymph cells in the blood.

lymphocytosis lymph/o: lymph
-cytosis: increase in numbers of cells
An increase in numbers of lymphocytes.

lymphoid lymph/o
-oid: resembling
Derived from lymph.

Lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland

lymphadenopathy lymphaden/o: lymph node (gland)
-pathy – disease condition
Disease condition of lymph nodes.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzvbPnoqxQo

lymphadenitis lymphaden/o – lymph node
-itis - inflammation
Inflammation of lymph nodes.

splenomegaly splen/o: spleen
-megaly - enlargement
Enlargement of the spleen

splenectomy splen/o
-ectomy
Removal of the spleen.

hypersplenism hyper- excessive splen/o - spleen
-ism – condition of
Condition of excessive spleen

A syndrome marked by splenomegaly
(associated with anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia).

thymoma thym/o: thymus gland
-oma
Tumor of the thymus gland


Malignant http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYg yL0_-t0Q

thym/o
-ectomy thymectomy
Removal of the thymus gland.

toxic tox/o: poison
-ic
Pertaining to poison.

anaphylaxis ana-: away from, backward, up, apart
-phylaxis: protection
Away from protection


An exaggerated, life-threatening, hypersensitivity reaction to foreign proteins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTcL7 u05aUU

interstitial fluid inter-: between
-stitial: pertaining to standing or positioned
Pertaining to fluid that is positioned between (body cells)

Eventually becomes lymph fluid

Disorders of the Lymphatic and
Immune Systems
Immunodeficiency
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)
 destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells)
 opportunistic infections
 malignancies
(Kaposi sarcoma, Wasting syndrome)

Kaposi Sarcoma

Opportunistic Infections with
AIDS – Page 558
Candidiasis
Cryptococcus (Crypto)
Cryptosporidiosis
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
Herpes simplex
Histoplasmosis (Histo)
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
Toxoplasmosis (Toxo)
Tuberculosis (TB)

HYPERSENSITIVITY – page 560
Allergy: abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen

Ranges from allergic rhinitis or hay fever to anaphylaxis

Other allergies: atopic dermatitis asthma urticaria (hives)

Atopic Dermatitis

MALIGNANCIES – page 560
Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue


Hodgkin disease (Reed-Sternberg cell)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (follicular lymphoma, large cell lymphoma)
Multiple myeloma: malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
Thymoma: malignant tumor of the thymus

Staging of Hodgkin Disease

QUICK QUIZ:
3.
What is a malignant condition associated with
AIDS?
A.
anaphylaxis
B.
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
C.
Kaposi sarcoma
D.
Hodgkin disease

Abbreviations – p. 563
AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
CD4+

Protein on T-cell helper lymphocyte that is infected with HIV in AIDS
ELISA

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Test to detect anti-HIV antibodies

Abbreviations
HIV


Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Causes AIDS
PCP


Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Opportunistic AIDS-related infection
T4

T-cell lymphocyte that is destroyed by the
AIDS virus (helper T cells)

REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Suffix Meaning axill/o armpit cervic/o uterus) lymph/o neck; cervix (neck of immun/o immune;protection;safe inguin/o groin lymph lymphaden/o lymph gland (node)

REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Suffix Meaning splen/o thym/o tox/o spleen thymus gland poison

SUFFIXES
Suffix
-cytosis
-edema
-globulin
-megaly
-oid
-pathy
REVIEW SHEET
Meaning condition of cells; slight increase in numbers swelling protein enlargement resembling disease; emotion

REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
Suffix Meaning
-penia deficiency
-phylaxis
-poiesis protection formation
-stitial or to set; pertaining to standing positioned
-suppression to stop

PREFIXES
Suffix
REVIEW SHEET
Meaning anaautohyperinterretroup; apart; backward; again; anew self; own above; excessive between behind; back; backward

QUICK QUIZ:
4. What is the fluid that lies between cells throughout the body?
A. atopy
B. lymphadema
C. interstitial
D. lymphopoiesis