Chapter 22: The Sixth and
Ninth Commandments
INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLICISM
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
ANTICIPATORY SET
Free write for a few minutes about what the story of the creation
of Eve (cf. Gn 2:18-25) reveals about the nature of marriage.
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
BASIC QUESTIONS
 What is the meaning of the Sixth and Ninth Commandments in Sacred
Scripture?
 What is marriage?
KEY IDEAS
 The Sixth and Ninth Commandments specifically prohibit extramarital
sex in deed and thought and articulate the full meaning of the gift of
human sexuality and its proper expression.
 Marriage, a creation of God, is an exclusive lifelong union of a man
and woman, which is open to procreation.
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
How did God create human beings as sexual creatures?
God created man and woman with natural sexual differences and a strong,
mutual sexual attraction.
In what state did God create Adam and Eve?
He created them in the state of marriage as husband and wife.
What does the term “one flesh” mean?
It refers to the sexual union that is properly expressed only in marriage.
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What does it mean to say that marriage is a divine institution from
the beginning of time?
At Creation God established marriage as the means to unite a man and a
woman.
What does it mean to say that husband and wife are
complementary?
Their sexual relations and their social, familial roles are different but fit
together to form a unified whole. Each has strengths and traits that help
and complete the other.
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What effect did Original Sin have on the meaning and purpose of
marriage and sexuality?
After the Fall, the human body became a temptation for self-seeking
pleasure rather than self-giving love. Man and woman could now view
each other’s body apart from the soul, thus obscuring the other person’s
unique human dignity.
How is polygamy seen in the Old Testament?
It was tolerated.
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Why did the prophets sometimes refer to Israel as a harlot?
They did so because of her infidelity to God, who played the role of
Israel’s faithful and aggrieved husband.
What conclusion can be drawn about infidelity in marriage from the
analogy of Israel as harlot?
Just as it was wrong for the nation of Israel to be unfaithful to her
covenant with God, it is wrong for a husband or wife to be unfaithful to
the other in their marriage covenant.
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
GUIDED EXERCISE
The section “The Sixth and Ninth Commandments in the Old
Testament” (pp. 498-499) lists six important teachings about marriage and
sexuality drawn from the first three chapters of the Book of Genesis.
Work with a partner to choose two of these teachings, find their origin in
the Book of Genesis, cite it (chapter and verse[s]), and comment on the
connection between the biblical source and the theological conclusion.
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is the fundamental meaning of the Sixth and Ninth
Commandments?
The Sixth Commandment declares that a person must not have sexual
relations with anyone except his or her spouse. The Ninth Commandment
declares that a person must not even desire to violate the Sixth
Commandment.
What is the meaning of the Sixth and Ninth Commandments in
their fullness?
These Commandments articulate the authentic nature of human sexuality,
the proper expression of the gift of human sexuality, and respect for the
state of marriage.
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What does it mean to covet another person?
It means to have an inordinate, immodest, or inappropriate desire for
someone over whom one has no right or privilege. It is entertaining of desire,
particularly sexual desire, for someone other than one’s own spouse.
Extension: Coveting is not an instinctual urge or spontaneous emotion,
although it has its origin in these passions; it is rather a decision of the will.
What is the only “place” that human sexuality can find its true
meaning and full expression?
Human sexuality can find its true meaning and full expression only within
Christian marriage.
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What does it mean to say that marriage is exclusive and lifelong?
Marriage is exclusive in that it is only between one man and one woman,
and lifelong in that it lasts as long as they are both alive.
How did Christ underline the exclusive and lifelong nature of
marriage?
Christ emphasized the exclusive and lifelong nature of marriage by
prohibiting divorce. Referring to how from the beginning of creation
husband and wife became “one flesh,” he declared that “‘What therefore
God has joined together, let not man put asunder’” (Mk 10:9).
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Why does marriage have both a spiritual and physical dimension?
Marriage has both spiritual and physical dimensions, because the human
person is both soul and body.
What is the spiritual dimension of marriage?
The spiritual dimension of marriage is the exclusive, lifelong, and selfgiving commitment of the spouses.
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is the physical dimension of marriage?
The physical dimension of marriage refers to the spouses’ sexual intimacy.
How are the spiritual and physical dimensions of marriage related?
The sexual union of the spouses is a visible, physical sign of their spiritual
union. The sexual union expresses and reaffirms their spiritual union.
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
GUIDED EXERCISE
Perform a focused reading of Romans 1:24-27 (p. 499) using the
following question:
 What is the origin of sexual sins, according to St. Paul?
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT




Study Questions 1, 3 (p. 516)
Practical Exercise 2 (p. 517)
Workbook Questions 1-9
Read “Theology of the Body” through
“Marriage Revisited” (pp. 500-501)
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
CLOSURE
Write a paragraph summarizing the nature of marriage in
Sacred Scripture.
1. The Sixth and Ninth Commandments
in Sacred Scripture (pp. 496-499)
ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
Work with a partner to answer Practical Exercise 2 about advice to
a worried young woman.
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
ANTICIPATORY SET
Mini-lecture about Pope Bl. John Paul II’s personalist principle.
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
BASIC QUESTIONS
 What is the theology of the body?
 What are the purposes of marriage?
 What are the properties of marriage?
KEY IDEAS
 Pope Bl. John Paul II’s theology of the body is based on the principles that a
person must always be loved for his or her own sake and never become an
object to be used by others, the complementarity of man and woman, and
marriage as a total gift of self.
 God created sexual intercourse with a twofold purpose: the loving union of
husband and wife and the procreation and education of children; both
marriage and each marital act must be a total gift of self, open to children.
 Marriage also has the properties of being exclusive and lifelong.
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
GUIDED EXERCISE
Think/Pair/Write/Share using the following question:
 If, according to the language of the body, sexual intercourse says, “I
love you and give myself to you totally,” why is premarital sexual
intercourse a lie?
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
GUIDED EXERCISE
Work with a partner to come up with bullet points articulating the full
meaning of “conception” based on the paragraph beginning, “Likewise,
the conjugal act…” (p. 501) including the excerpt from Gaudium et Spes.
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What are the two purposes of the marital act?
The two purposes of the marital act are unity and procreation.
What is the meaning of the unitive purpose of the marriage act?
The term unitive means that the marital act must be an expression of selfgiving love between a validly married husband and wife, who are
committed to their exclusive, lifelong union.
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is the meaning of the procreative purpose of the marriage
act?
The term procreative means that every sexual act must be open to the
possibility of conception.
What is the exclusive property of marriage?
Marriage is exclusive in that it does not admit of third parties: a person
cannot give himself or herself totally to more than one person in the
same way.
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is the indissoluble property of marriage?
Marriage is indissoluble in that it cannot be ended while both spouses are
living.
Does every human sexual act have to be an expression of total love
and open to life in order to be morally good?
Yes.
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What truth is at the basis of Pope John Paul II’s theology of the
body?
The truth at the basis of Pope John Paul II’s theology of the body is that
a person must always be loved for his or her own sake and never become
an object to be used by others.
For John Paul II, what is the meaning of communio personarum in
light of man as the image of God?
Man is made in the image of God, not only as an individual but also as
the community of persons formed in marriage and the family. The
community of persons in the family is an image of the community of the
Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in the Blessed Trinity.
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
According to John Paul II, what does God want the marital act to
express?
The marital act, according to John Paul II, must express the spouses’ total
gift of self to one another.
What is meant by “total gift of self ?”
By “total gift of self,” John Paul II means the complete commitment of
husband and wife to love and serve each other for life, which is physically
expressed by sexual intercourse.
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is the language of the body?
It is the idea that our physical acts have a meaning, that they “say”
something about us.
What does the language of the body “say” in terms of the marital
act?
The marital act, by its nature, should “say” that the spouses totally give
themselves to each other in love.
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Is sexual pleasure sinful in itself ?
No. Sexual pleasure is created by God and is good in itself.
When is sexual pleasure sinful?
Sexual pleasure is morally disordered when sought for itself or isolated
from its procreative and unitive purposes.
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
 Study Question 2 (p. 516)
 Workbook Questions 10-14
 Read “Sins Against Marriage” through the sidebar
“Natural Family Planning” (pp. 502-506)
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
CLOSURE
Write a paragraph summarizing the twofold purpose of marriage in light
of Christian personalism.
2. The Theology of the Body and the
Meaning of Marriage (pp. 500-501)
ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
Free write for a few minutes about the basic principle of Christian
personalism: everyone must love other persons and never use them as a
means to an end. Consider the following questions in your answers:
 Is the personalist principle true?
 Do I want other people to treat me this way? Why or why not?
 Why am I tempted to treat others as means?
 How would my life be different if I were to live this principle to its full
extent?
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
ANTICIPATORY SET
Work with a partner to analyze what is wrong with the various practices
outlined in Practical Exercise 1 based on the unitive and procreative
purposes of marriage.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
BASIC QUESTIONS
 What are sins against marriage?
 What is natural family planning?
KEY IDEAS
 Grave sins against marriage include divorce, adultery, polygamy, incest,
sexual abuse, cohabitation, contraception, artificial insemination, and
in vitro fertilization.
 Natural family planning is an acceptable (licit) means of preventing
pregnancy for a just reason by abstaining from the marriage act when
conception could occur.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Why are certain sins categorized as against marriage?
Sins against marriage violate the permanence of marriage, its exclusivity, or its
unitive and procreative purposes, which are essential to marriage.
What is the result of living the Church’s teachings on marriage and human
sexuality?
The result of fidelity to the Church’s teachings is a healthy and happy marriage.
What is the result of a failure to live the Church’s teachings on marriage and
human sexuality?
Failure to live the Church’s teaching will likely result in untold problems for
marriage, the family, and ultimately society itself.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is divorce?
Divorce is a civil dissolution of marriage. It is the breaking of the lifelong
commitment of fidelity and spousal love vowed by the sacred bond of
marriage, often done with the intent of marrying another person.
According to the Catechism, no. 2384, what is the remarriage of a
validly married person?
It is a situation of public and permanent adultery.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
To whom is divorce an injustice?
Divorce can be an injustice to an innocent spouse, and it is always an
injustice to the children.
Are there situations in which a separation through a civil divorce
may be necessary?
Yes; in situations of abuse, abandonment, and adultery, the only
protection for an innocent spouse and the children may be through a civil
divorce. The divorced spouses, however, remain validly married.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is adultery?
Adultery is sexual relations between two people when one or both of them
are married to other people.
What is wrong with adultery?
Adultery violates the true meaning of the conjugal act of total, self-giving
love and betrays the exclusive marital commitment made before God.
How can spouses guard against temptations to infidelity?
Spouses should avoid both close relationships with members of the opposite
sex and the temptation to think one is invulnerable to a fall.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Why is polygamy wrong?
Polygamy violates the exclusive unity of marriage; a person can be
married to only one other person at the same time.
What is incest?
Incest is sexual relations between close relatives.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is sexual abuse?
Sexual abuse is sexual relations between an adult and a minor.
What is cohabitation?
Cohabitation is living together in a sexual relationship before marriage or
in rejection of the marriage commitment.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is contraception?
Contraception is the deliberate intervention by use of mechanical,
chemical, or other procedures to prevent the conception of a new life,
which might occur through sexual intercourse.
What aspect of marriage does contraception violate?
Contraception violates the procreative purpose of marriage.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
FOCUS QUESTION
How do some forms of birth control also violate the Fifth
Commandment?
The contraceptive pill and the “morning-after” pill can act as an
abortifacient, preventing a fertilized egg from attaching to the lining of
the uterus, thus killing the embryo in violation of the Fifth
Commandment.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Must a married couple intend to have a child every time they have
marital relations?
No; they simply have to be open to procreation in the sense that they do
nothing to prevent it.
What is NFP?
Natural family planning is a licit means of postponing pregnancy for
serious reasons through the observation of physical signs of fertility and
the practice of periodic continence, or abstinence from sexual relations,
when pregnancy could occur.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is artificial insemination?
Artificial insemination is a medical procedure in which sperm is placed
inside the cervix or uterus. It is a means of seeking conception outside the
marriage act.
What is wrong with artificial insemination?
It is an offense against the unitive dimension of the marriage act because
it seeks procreation without the marital act. It is also a sin against chastity
since the male donor must masturbate to produce the sperm.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is in vitro fertilization?
It is fertilizing an egg with sperm in a laboratory for the purpose of
implanting the embryo into a woman’s uterus.
What is wrong with in vitro fertilization?
(1) Like artificial insemination, it separates the procreative from the unitive
ends of the marital act. (2) The current practice creates multiple human
embryos who are eventually destroyed, violating the Fifth Commandment.
How morally serious are sins against marriage?
All are grave in matter; that is, they are potentially mortal sins.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
GUIDED EXERCISE
Paraphrase the excerpt from Humanæ Vitæ (pp. 503-504) to
identify its essential argument.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
GUIDED EXERCISE
Work with a partner to write and answer three Focus Questions
incorporating the most important points about NFP.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT




Study Questions 4-12 (p. 516)
Practical Exercises 1, 3, 5 (p. 517)
Workbook Questions 15-24
Read “The Virtue of Chastity” through “Conclusion” (pp. 506-512)
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
CLOSURE
Write a paragraph summarizing sins against marriage.
3. Sins Against Marriage and Natural
Family Planning (pp. 502-506)
ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
Work with a partner to answer Practical Exercise 3 about the
decision of a young couple not to have any more children.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
ANTICIPATORY SET
Respond in writing to the following question:
 How does the story of the woman caught in adultery (cf. Jn 8:2-11)
illustrate the idea that a Christian should “hate the sin but love the
sinner”?
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
BASIC QUESTIONS
 What is chastity?
 What are sins against chastity?
KEY IDEAS
 Chastity is the moral virtue directed toward the positive integration of
sexuality within a person by moderating the sexual appetite.
 Sins against chastity are intrinsically and seriously wrong and include
impure thoughts and desires, pornography, masturbation, lust,
premarital sex, prostitution, rape, and homosexual acts.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is chastity?
Chastity is the moral virtue that, under the Cardinal Virtue of temperance,
is directed toward the positive integration of sexuality within a person by
moderating the sexual appetite. This virtue leads to a correct
understanding of human sexuality. Chastity is a gift from God, a grace,
and a fruit of the Holy Spirit.
What does chastity master?
Chastity is self-mastery of the sexual appetite.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Why is it impossible for a person to see Christ in others if he or she
does not live the virtue of chastity?
Without chastity, a person turns others into objects by regarding their
physical bodies apart from their full personhood.
What does a person who embraces chastity experience?
The chaste person experiences a joyful and liberating virtue, which gives
him or her greater freedom to love in sacrificial service to others, inclines
him or her to have a deeper relationship with Christ, and makes it possible
to contemplate God’s goodness and beauty in every person.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Complete the following table to articulate how chastity is lived in the
various states of life.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
GUIDED EXERCISE
Complete the graphic organizer to articulate one way each of the
following practices helps one grow in the virtue of chastity.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Are acts such as petting, mutual masturbation, and oral sex not
really “having sex” and so permissible outside of marriage?
No; they are seriously sinful.
What sexual acts are sinful outside marriage?
Every sexual expression, as well as every sexual thought or desire outside
of marriage is sinful.
Extension: It is important to distinguish between sexual desires,
thoughts, and images that present themselves involuntarily—which are
not sinful—from the decision of the will to entertain and consent to
them, which is sinful.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What does the question, “How far can we go?” mean?
To what extent can two people engage in a sexual act before it is sinful?
What is the answer to the question, “To what extent can two people
engage in a sexual act before it is sinful?”
Consent to any sexual activity outside marriage is a sin.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
When do impure thoughts and desires become sinful?
They do so when a person willfully gives consent to entertain them.
Why is pornography incompatible with pure thoughts and desires?
Pornography is designed to be sexually provocative, can lead to sexual
sins, and can cause the viewer to regard the human body perversely and
sex as the highest good.
Why is masturbation wrong?
It is a sexual expression unconnected with the marriage act.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is lust?
Lust is sexual desire or enjoyment sought for itself, isolated from its
procreative and unitive purposes.
For unmarried persons, is only genital sex sinful?
No; any act outside marriage that is designed to provide sexual
pleasure is sinful.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
What is prostitution?
Prostitution is the act of exchanging sexual acts for money or goods.
Is the sex trade an innocent pleasure and a legitimate way to make a
living?
No; prostitution injures the dignity of the people who engage in it, often involves
slavery or the abuse of children and adolescents, and may be a consequence of
poverty, coercion, or drug addiction.
What Commandments does rape violate?
Rape is a violent sexual assault, which violates both the Fifth and Sixth
Commandments.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Why are homosexual acts intrinsically disordered?
By their very nature, homosexual acts are devoid of both the unitive and
procreative dimensions of human sexuality.
How can homosexual inclinations be objectively disordered but not
necessarily sinful?
A homosexual inclination is objectively disordered because men and
women are intended to be attracted to each other for the continuation of
the human family. However, an inclination or desire in itself is not a sin;
only willfully chosen acts (including the willful choice to entertain impure
thoughts) have a moral character.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Can a person with homosexual inclinations grow in holiness of life?
Yes; he or she is called to chastity. Through self-mastery, sincere
friendships, prayer, and grace, he or she can approach Christian
perfection.
What should be the Christian attitude toward people with
homosexual attractions?
They should be accepting and treat them with respect, compassion, and
sensitivity.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
FOCUS QUESTION
Does respect for people with homosexual inclinations include
approval of homosexual acts, same-sex “marriage,” and laws that
give homosexual couples the same rights as marriage?
No; homosexual persons have human rights (for example, no one should
be subject to violence because of his or her inclinations), but there is no
such thing as homosexual rights in themselves.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Are sins against the virtue of chastity intrinsically wrong, or are
they wrong only based on particular circumstances?
They are intrinsically wrong.
Are sins against chastity generally venial or mortal?
Sins against chastity are always grave, although ignorance and lack of full
consent may lessen a person’s culpability.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
FOCUS QUESTIONS
For what does chastity free a person?
Chastity imparts the ability to serve, show true affection, and give oneself
for the good another.
Does chastity require sacrifice?
Yes.
What does chastity help a person see in others?
Chastity helps him or her see other people’s intrinsic, inestimable worth.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
 Study Questions 13-21 (p. 516)
 Practical Exercises 4, 6 (p. 517)
 Workbook Questions 25-37
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
CLOSURE
Write a paragraph summarizing chastity as a positive virtue.
4. The Virtue of Chastity and
Sins Against It (pp. 506-512)
ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
Discuss Practical Exercise 4 about same-sex “marriage.”
The End