What major advantages did each of the combatants, Union and Confederacy, possess at the start of the Civil War? How successfully did the governments and economies of the North and South respond to the pressures of war? How did the issues of slavery and emancipation transform the war? What factors determined the military outcome of the war? In what lasting ways did the Civil War change the U.S. as a nation? Both North and South were unprepared Union Army of 16,000 Scattered all over the country (the West) 1/3 of its officers resigned to join the Confederacy Unproven president No taxes in decades Never imposed the draft Confederacy No tax structure No navy Two gunpowder factories Unconnected railroad lines The South Initially, Confederacy to use state troops, limited to 12 months; after Sumter Pres. could receive state troops for terms of six months to the duration of the war without state consent April 1862 – Confederates enacted 1st conscription law: all white men 18-35 for 3 yrs. To duration Later 40 then 50 and as young as 17 Southerners protested this as an assault on state sovereignty Exemptions: to specific occupations and state officials (highly abused) Loophole (closed in 1863): you could hire substitutes Amendment: 20-Negro law (rich man’s war and poor man’s fight) However, only 1 in 5 southerners was a draftee 70-80% of southerners served 1864 conscription law: if you’re in, you stay in for the duration Supplying the Confederacy Weapons First from Europe Second from confiscated arsenals Third form guns on the battlefield Food and clothing Many went without shoes Railroads were sparse or down The Economy relied on cotton and tobacco Early northern invasion destroyed the livestock and grain-raising districts In 1863 the Confederate Congress passed the Impressment Act: they could confiscate food and slaves Initially and local issue, not national or state Citizens opened recruiting offices, held rallies, etc. Southerners provided their own horses and rankings were elected by the officers and enlisted men But this was shortlived The North Little trouble supplying the troops, but getting troops was a different story: getting volunteer units from an unmilitary society Initially, the president asks for 500,000, with state quotas, but left to the states 1863 Enrollment Act – white males 20-45 with exemptions to high govt. officials, ministers, and men who were the sole support of widows, orphans, or indigent parents Two means of escape: substitution and commutation Enrollment districts competed through bounties Protests, but only 8% were draftees; and of the draftees, 120,000 of 170,000 were substitutes Federal spending had been low in the 40s and 50s Expenditures had come from tariff duties and the sale of public lands But war required more expenditures and money was needed Both the north and the south sought to avoid taxes However, in 1861 the Confederacy enacted a small property tax and the Union an income tax Both sides turned to war bonds: S ($15 m) N ($150 m) But the bonds needed to be paid for in gold or silver specie : many people held on to their’s Solution: print money North Legal Tender Act called for $150 m. in greenbacks (and to ensure confidence, made it legal tender in most all public and private debts) South Never made paper money legal tender Since the South had difficulty collecting taxes (transportation issues) the printed more money and inflation soared (9,000%); $1 in 1861 cost $46 in 1864 National Bank Act: with the south gone and the northern democrats weakened, the Republicans pushed through this act that established the criteria by which a band could obtain a federal charter and issue national bank notes Shows the North’s ability and experience and cohesion North Lincoln was considered ineffectual early He had opposition in the Radicals He seemed to be in the middle, yet accused of being with both sides of his party\ Co-opted Chase (opponent) by making him Sec. of Treasury But left departments alone Emphasized his Commander-in-chief status His call for militiamen pushed hesitators in the South towards secession The Nature of the Conflict Lincoln (North) sees this as domestic insurrection caused by individuals Rebels, not traitors Purpose of the war was to Preserve the Union Davis (South) Lee was the hero and he was loyal to Virginia Preserve state’s right to control over domestic affairs Just needed to defend itself Thought Europe would support them South Jefferson Davis and his vice president Alexander Stephens quarreled over what was essential to the meaning of the Confederacy States rights: The Confederate Congress prohibited the Confederate Congress from enacting protective tariffs and from supporting internal improvements Stephens supported the defense of slavery and states rights; Jefferson supported the existence of the South The South could not deal with these issues the way the north could Side issues of extreme importance Europe needed Northern wheat more than they needed Southern cotton (Confederates had embargoed shipments of cotton to Britain to prove importance. Wrong) British business investors had a rich stake in Anglo-American unity $ trumps jealousy of U.S. power Emancipation policy gained loyalty from liberals Lincoln secured the border states The Confederacy had a fundamental paradox: purpose was state’s rights, but management war requires centralization (Davis always had this problem) July 21, 1861: First Battle of Bull Run/First Battle of Manassas North seeks to take Richmond and must go through Manassas Junction (citizens march out of Washington with the troops) Maybe started to ensure the militiamen acquired in April didn’t head home because their time was about to expire http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/bul lrun.html After Bull Run, Lincoln brought in George McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac Apr.-July: McClellan’s Pennisula Campaign ended in defeat, as his refusal to attack cost the Yankees Sept. 17: McClellan and Lee meet at Antietam in Maryland (single bloodiest day- 24,000 dead) Dec. 13: Fredricksburg Ulysses S. Grant Early 1862 Grant takes Fort Henry and Fort Donelson In doing so he demanded “unconditional surrender” He got 15,000 prisoners Important because Henry guarded the waterway to Nashville (capitol, railroad center, and powder plant site) Apr. 1862: Grant and Sherman take Shiloh (23,000 dead) The Confederates strip defenses of New Orleans to aide Shiloh This allows Farragut to take New Orleans and Baton Rouge North also takes Pea Ridge in Arkansas Importance of the early Western Campaign: North takes the Mississippi Local companies into regiments Training was notoriously weak Food was horrific: beans, bacon, salt pork, pickled beef, and hardtack Union armies sometimes drove their own cattle Sanitation Lice, fleas, ticks, disease was rampant Battle consisted of large masses of soldiers facing off at close range until one side gave up or fell back The Civil War contained literate armies North began with over forty active warships; the South had none Steam-driven ships could penetrate the South’s excellent river system But blockading the 3,500 miles of Southern coast was not easy; the North had to employ all types of ships/boats Naval patrols and amphibious operations shrank the South’s ocean trade to 1/3 its prewar level Would the French help the Confederacy? Napoleon III sought to establish a colonial empire in Mexico would welcome a divided America The Trent incident James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to seek recognition Union captain boards the British Trent and takes the prisoners to Boston Cotton diplomacy failed Lincoln stated in 1861 he had no intention of interfering with slavery However, as the war dragged on, “total war” and the military value of emancipation became clear As the North began to invade the South the issue of what to do with slaves began Slaves who fled behind Union lines were “contraband” and subject to seizure Under the Confiscation Act of 1861 all property used in military aid of the rebellion was to be seized Slaves who had been used by the armed rebel forces who had fled became “captives of war” But Lincoln (stating that the South’s rebellion lacked any legal basis) did not want to violate Southerners protection of property; he also wanted to protect northerners employment “to fight against slaveholders without fighting against slavery, is but a half-hearted business” With slave labor at full swing, white southerners could fight 2nd Confiscation Act in 1862: seize property of those in rebellion, and slaves “shall be forever free”; the president can employ blacks as soldiers Emancipation Proclamation: After Antietam, preliminary language set If southern states had returned they could have kept slavery As of Jan. 1, 1863, forever free Great political stroke; issued as military measure by the commander in chief As Union troops overran areas slaves would seek refuge behind the lines Early in the war masters could retrieve slaves from the Union army However, after 1862 they were free; many served in the Union army Some stayed in the south for a wage on plantations of owners who had sworn allegiance to the Union By 1865 500,000 slaves in Union hands But the freedmen were a problem; before the end of the war aid societies were established 1865 the Freedmen’s Bureau is set up; also a provision for 40 acres with the option to buy after 3 yrs. Not allowed, turned away, or disbanded After the 2nd Confiscation Act, black regiments set up in New Orleans After the Emancipation Proclamation large-scale enlistment Union drafts now included blacks 186,000 African Americans serve (half came from Southern states) Black recruitment offered opportunities for white commissions Black soldiers suffered a far higher mortality rate than white troops Not killed in action; diseases Confederacy refused exchanges for black soldiers; they were sent back to their state; many were executed Pay for black soldiers was $10, then a deduction for clothing (whites got $13 with no deduction); equalized in 1864 However, service was a symbol of citizenship During the war the South tightened patrols, moved entire plantations, and spread horror stories amongst the slaves Even though some slaves helped their owners, most opted for freedom And if they stayed on the plantations, they became increasingly difficult First large area liberated was the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia First aid groups arrive Blacks get land The South actually passed (narrowly) a bill to arm 300,000 slaves (with no mention of emancipation at the end of the war) Never implemented The whole debate (of which Lee supported, as did Jefferson Davis late) showed the desperation and collapse of the slave society The Confederacy has early success in 1863 Lee defeats Hooker at Chancellorsville with ½ the troops; an embarrassing loss for the North Lee turns on the North, needing supplies and a hope that Lincoln will move troops from the West; as well a Confederate victory in the North might impact Northern Democrats Gettysburg and Vicksburg and Chattanooga Hard hit: shoe industry, cotton-textile industry Just fine: arms and clothing for the military, railroads Republicans dominated the North and imposed tariffs to protect industries Pacific-Railway Act: two RRs, 60 m. in land grants, and $20 m. in loans (CORRUPTION) Homestead Act: “free soil, free labor, free men,” 160 acres after 5 yrs. (20,000) Morrill Act: public lands for universities in the agriculture and mechanical arts Benefitted the wealthy the mostindustrialists, speculators Average citizen paid high prices due to tariffs, high taxes, inflation; all the while salaries lagged 20% behind Commodity output declines 39%; it had been increasing by 50+% in the 40s and 50s Railroad production destroyed Cotton production from 4 million bales to 300,000 in 1865 Loss of manpower declined yields per acre 9 in 10 families without meat Salt was $1.25 a sack in NY, $60 a sack in the South; food riots Why the shortage? The planter class continued to grow cotton This kept slaves on the plantations, not the army camps Forced the govt. to continue conscription laws Forced the govt. to impress food Confederacy States’ rights advocates (VP Stephens) Loyalty to the Union (commoners, Appalachians resentful of the 20 Negro rule and the slaveholding elite Davis was given the right to suspend habeas corpus Union Democratic minority (Peace Democrats or Copperheads) Border state citizens (many immigrants) feared black labor; also upset with economics of service All dissent was much more easily dealt with in the North because of the institutionalization of republican/democratic conflict The North had 15,000 persons arrested (though most were quickly released) Ohio politician Clement L. Vallandingham was banished to the South United States Sanitary Commission – many women volunteer for service Nursing corps: some 3,200 in both armies Red Cross founder Clara Barton aided Union soldiers at Antietam: She showed up early For every 1 soldier who died in battle, 2 died of disease (this was an improvement upon the Mexican War) Troop exchanges ended by mid war; prison camps saw more deaths South refused to trade black soldiers North didn’t want to bolster depleted southern regiments Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony connect women’s rights with black rights They form the Woman’s National Loyal League The New York Herald called their demand for rights as “nonsense and tomfoolery” The debate over readmission was already starting The Radicals wanted Salmon P. Chase (Sec. of Treasury) Peace Democrats wanted an immediate armistice Prowar Democrats and Republicans form the National Union Party and replace Hannibal Hamlin with Andrew Johnson as VP Democrats nominate George McClellan Lincoln didn’t think he could win He granted furloughs to soldiers so they could vote However, the fall of Atlanta helped more The Republican convention nominated Lincoln, but also endorsed a constitutional amendment banning slavery “make war so terrible. . . That generations would pass before they could appeal again to it.” Chasing everyone out saved him from having to provide for its civilians (food or imprisonment) Sherman’s forces marched sixty miles wide, ten miles a day Destroyed everything that could be used by the Southern war effort “Those who brought war into our country deserve all curses and maledictions a people can pour out.” Rebel desertions were epidemic “General Lee telegraphs that he can hold his position no longer.” Lee surrendered to Grant in a private home in the village of Appomattox Courthouse, VA Grant paroled Lee’s 26,000 men and sent them home with their horses and mules “to work their little farms.” 620,000 soldiers dead 360,000 Union 260,000 Confederate South lost 60% of its wealth A “more perfect Union” as opposed to a “federation of states” National banking system; industrialization; greenbacks; national power over property Almost 4 million freed slaves 1. How would you describe/explain Lincoln’s view on slavery, and how is this evident in his actions throughout the war? Provide evidence. 2. Discuss a political predicament Jefferson Davis and other leaders found themselves in as they attempted to conduct the Confederacy’s fight against the Union? Provide evidence.