Foundations
Article 1
Legislative
Article 2
Executive
Article 3
Judicial
“make laws”
Power of the Purse
“enforce laws”
Power of the Sword
“interpret laws”
Power of the Law
Override presidential veto
Establishes Courts/sets number
Impeachment: House brings the
charges; Senate holds trial
House: Budget control
Senate: Advice and Consent
Ratifies Treaties
Confirms Appointments
Bill of Rights:
1. Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion
2. Right to bear arms.
4. No Search and Seizure
5. Rights of the Accused
6. Court Proceedings. Right to an Attorney
8. No Cruel or Unusual Punishment
10. Reserved Powers
14th Amendment:
Due Process: Procedural/Substantive
Equal Protection
Privileges and Immunities
Proposes laws
Appoints judges
Grants pardons
Veto bills
Call special session of Congress
[Line-item veto governors only]
Articles of Confederation
Declaration of Independence
Popular Sovereignty
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
Enumerated Powers
Reserved Powers
Great Compromise
Habeas Corpus
Bill of Attainder
Ex Post Facto
Federalist 10, 51
Selective Incorporation
Exclusionary Rule
Miranda Warning
Federal judges appointed for life
Judicial Review-can declare laws
and executive orders
unconstitutional
Amendment Process:
1.Congress Propose/States Ratify
2. National Convention Propose
State Conventions Ratify
Civil Rights:
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Baker v. Carr (1962)
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Title IX
Roe v. Wade (1973)
De jure vs. de facto segregation
1
Federalism
Delegated Powers
of the National
Government
Concurrent
Powers
(Shared)
Powers
Reserved to the
States
Powers
Denied to both
National and
Powers
State
Powers
Denied to the
Gov’t
Denied to the
State
National
Gov’ts
Gov’t
The framers envisioned through
federalism more government would
mean less government. Were they
right? Do we have a limited gov’t?
Supremacy Clause
Interstate Commerce Clause
Growth of government
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Marble Cake/Cooperative Federalism
10th Amendment
Devolution
Mandates
Block Grants
Categorical Grants
Sticks and Carrots
Referendums
Reserved Powers
As seen in the Amendment process
2
Public Opinion
Constitutional limits on public opinion
Public policy vs. public opinion
Political socialization. Role of family?
Conservatives
Liberals
Democrats
Republicans
Demographic group preferences
(age,gender,race,religion,region,class,education)
Cross cutting cleavages
Political ideology
Political elites
Pluralism
Wedge Issues
How is public opinion measured?
Scientific Polling/Random Samples
Liberals
Conservative
Moderate
Democrats
Republicans
Left Wing
Right Wing
The Political Spectrum
3
Participation
Linkage Institution
Expanding the Vote
Jacksonian “Democracy.”Expansion to most whitemales
15th Amendment (1870) - African-American Vote
19th Amendment (1920) - Women Vote
23rd Amendment (1961) - D.C. Vote
Civil Rights Act of 1965 - Banned literacy tests
26th Amendment (1971) - 18 Year Olds
“All voting is a sort of gaming,... I cast my vote,
perchance, as I think right; but I am not vitally
concerned that that right should prevail. I am willing
to leave it to the majority. Its obligation, therefore,
never exceeds that of expediency. Even voting for the
right is doing nothing for it. It is only expressing to
men feebly your desire that it should prevail...Cast
your whole vote, not a strip of paper merely, but your
whole influence.”
Henry D. Thoreau
Ballot
Ballot
Box
Time to Vote.
Political activism
Political elites
Suffrage/Franchise
Types of political participation:
Voting
Contacting elected officials
Donate time or money to campaigns
Litigate
Having political discussions
Running for office
Protest
Voting rates/turnout tendencies
Devices that kept blacks from voting:
Grandfather clauses
Poll Taxes
Literacy Tests
th
15 , 19th and 26th Amendments
What factors encourage political participation?
What factors discourage political participation?
Split-ticket voting
Referendum
Single-member district
Winner-take-all
“Voting is for old people.”
4
Winning Elections!
Winning Elections!
Political Parties
Linkage Institution
Republicans
Democrats
What about 3rd Parties?
Big
Tent
Political parties (different from Interest Groups) strengths and weaknesses
Party machine
Caucus vs. Convention vs. Primary
Primary elections
Open vs. Closed Primaries
Initiatives
Referendums
Personal followings
Two-party system
Third parties are like bees. Explain.
Plurality elections
Winner-take-all elections
Democrats vs. Republicans (demographic types/issues/organization)
Divided Government
Gender Gap
Activists
Base
Rank and File
Platform
Patronage
Party caucuses
5
Advocating for policy outcomes
Interest Groups
Linkage Institution
Primary goal of interest groups.
Their most important commodity?
Who gets access?
Root causes of interest groups?
What protects them?
Who joins interest groups?
Check on interest groups?
Lobbying
Access points
Grassroots
Single-issue
Chamber of Commerce
NAACP
Green Peace
K Street
Most effective strategies?
6
Campaigns/Elections
Types of elections/turnout
Handlers. Consultants/Experts
Critical elections
Realignments
Frontloading
Presidential campaigns vs. Congressional campaigns
Winning nomination vs. Winning general election
Campaign tactics and strategies
Saturation Coverage
Campaign finance:
Hard Money
Soft Money
Independent Expenditures/527s
PACs
Public vs. Private campaign funding
Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act (2002)
Incumbent advantages
Primarys vs. Caucuses
Horserace Journalism
Cattleshows
Motor – Voter Bill (Making registration easier)
Approval Ratings
Bush v. Gore (2000)
Turnout
Coattails
Franking
7
Congress
Bicameralism
Gerrymandering
Differences between the House and the Senate
Constitutional powers of Congress
Franking privilege
Incumbency advantages
Demographic composition of Congress
Filibuster/Cloture
Marginal districts
Types of voting behavior in Congress: trustee, organizational, representational
Congressional leadership positions: Speaker, Majority Leader, Whip
Congressional caucuses
Where is most of the work done in Congress? Committee Chairman?
Standing committees, Conference committees
House Ways and Means Committee
Appropriations/Power of the Purse
House Rules Committee/Closed rule vs. Open rule
Congressional staff
General Accounting Office
How does a bill become a law? Mark-up.
Discharge petition
Congressional ethics/corruption
Constituent Service
Single Member District
INCUMBENCY
C-Span
Cup and Saucer?
8
Presidency
Monarchy vs. Anarchy
Electoral College. Winner-Take-All. Electoral Mandates.
22nd Amendment
Institutionalized Presidency
Formal Powers of the President
Informal Powers of the President
Litmus Tests
Rule of Propinquity
White House Office
Cabinet. Relationship with President
Presidential Public Approval. Image.
Veto/Pocket Veto/Line Item Veto?
Executive Privilege
Executive Orders/Agreements
U.S. vs. Nixon (1974)
Presidential Impoundment
Vice President
Presidential Succession
Impeachment Procedures
Iron Triangles
Revolving Doors
Fiscal vs. Monetary Policy
Federal Reserve Board
Office of Management and Budget
Entitlement Programs
Independent Regulatory Commissions
Public officials vs. Media
Electronic Journalism
Big Three Networks
Roles of the Media: Gatekeeper/Scorekeeper/Watchdog
First Amendment
Equal Time Rule
Media Bias. Spin
Negative Ads
Freedom of Information Act (1976)
Federal
Bureaucracy
Bully Pulpit
9
Supreme Court
Rule of Law
Limited Government
Secrecy
Consistency
Continuity
Courtesy
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)
Schenck v. U.S. (1919)
Gitlow v. N.Y. (1925)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
Districtof Columbia v Heller (2008)
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Note role played by commerce clause
Baker v. Carr (1962)
Regents of Univ. of Calif. v. Bakke (1978)
Dual Court System
Judicial Review
Selective Incorporation
Docket
Justice is blind
Opinion of the Court. Concurring Opinion. Dissenting Opinion
Per Curiam Opinion
Borked
Amicus Curiae
Jurisprudence vs. Jurisdiction
Commerce Clause
Voting blocs
Oral Arguments. Conference.
10
Solicitor General
11
12