A HISTORICAL
ANALYSIS
OF
TA THEORY
1
Keynote Address by
Rosemary Napper and
Drª Gloria Noriega
at the ITAA Conference,
Lima, Peru,
6 August 2009
2
TA GENERATIONS
ERIC BERNE
3
WHAT KIND OF
TRANSACTIONAL
ANALYST
AM I?
4
ROOTS
Sigmund Freud
1856-1939
5
ROOTS
6
HOW DO WE THINK ABOUT
TA?
Schools?
Theories?
Styles?
Traditions?
Approaches?
Lenses?
Guru figures?
Perspectives?
Cultures?
7
CULTURAL INFLUENCES
ON & FROM TA
Europe
1990s
Europe 1980s
Latin America
Globalism
Existentialism
TA
Australia
1950s USA
1960s
Asia
1970s
Europe
WW2
Games People Play
Academia
8
A CULTURAL HEALTH
WARNING
Your Culture is
OK
XENOPHILIC
My Culture is
Not OK
GLOBAL
OPEN-MINDED
INCLUSIVE
WE- THEY+
WE+ THEY+
WE- THEY-
WE+ THEY-
MISANTHROPIC
Your Culture is
Not OK
My Culture is
OK
XENOPHOBIC
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“I’m a cognitive transactional analyst.”
The Script, 2007
Fanita English
10
NEW LIFE FROM OLD ROOTS
ERIC BERNE
CLASSICAL Cognitive & Behavioural
INDEPENDENT
RELATIONAL
CATHEXIS
CLASSICAL
RADICAL
CO-CREATIVE
INTEGRATIVE
REDECISION
PSYCHIATRY
Psychoanalytic
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ERIC BERNE
1910 - 1970
12
CLASSICAL Psychoanalytic TA
1st edition, 1947
— published as
The Mind in Action
2nd edition, 1957
3rd edition, 1968
— names TA
13
GROUP & SYSTEMIC TA
1963
1966
14
TA Psychotherapy develops
• Tuesday night
seminars, 1958
• TA Bulletin, 1962
• ITAA founded,
1964
1961
15
CLASSICAL Cognitive & Behavioural TA
1964
1970
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And POSTHUMOUS PUBLICATIONS
1972
1974
17
FERTILE GROUND
Egograms
Drama
Triangle
Drivers &
Miniscript
Script
Matrix
Discounting
71
72
73
74 75 77
OK
Corral
Racket
Feelings
78
78
Transference
Racket
System
Options
Redecision
SelfReparenting
Stroke
Economy
80
81
Cycles of
Development
82
83
84
CLASSICAL Cognitive & Behavioural TA
CLASSICAL Psychoanalytic TA
87
18
CLASSICAL TA continues in the 1970s
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SCRIPT MATRIX Steiner
DRAMA TRIANGLE Karpman
EGOGRAMS Dusay
PERMISSION & PROTECTION Crossman
DRIVERS & MINISCRIPT Kahler
RACKET FEELINGS English
OPTIONS Karpman
STROKE ECONOMY Steiner
OK CORRAL Ernst
RACKET SYSTEM Erskine & Zalcman
SELF RE-PARENTING James
CYCLES OF DEVELOPMENT Levin
…with a cognitive and behavioural approach
19
CLASSICAL TA continues to
develop — 1980s onwards
• DOORS Ware
• PROCESS COMMUNICATION MODEL Kahler
• Publication of TA TODAY Stewart & Joines
• PARENT EDUCATION Illsley Clark
• PERSONALITY ADAPTATIONS Ware, Kahler (and later
Joines & Stewart)
• FUNCTIONAL FLUENCY Temple
20
…and spin-offs develop…
Constellations
1990s
Process
Communication
1970s
Imago
1980s
Taibi
Kahler
Harville
Hendrix
Bert
Hellinger
…with own qualifications
beyond and separate to TA
21
Developing TA in Latin America
THE 10 TA INSTRUMENTS
Roberto Kertesz
22
CATHEXIS 1970s
FRAME OF REFERENCE
PASSIVE BEHAVIOURS
DISCOUNT LEVELS
DISCOUNT MATRIX
REDEFINING &
BLOCKING
TRANSACTIONS
• GRANDIOSITY
• SYMBIOSIS
• RE-PARENTING
•
•
•
•
•
Jacqui Schiff
Aaron Schiff
Eric Schiff
Ken Mellor
23
REDECISION 1970s
Bob
Goulding
Mary
Goulding
John McNeel
Vann Joines
Ken Mellor
• REDECIDE SCRIPT SCENES
• IMPASSE
• INJUNCTIONS
& GESTALT INFLUENCES
24
RADICAL PSYCHIATRY
Hogie Wykoff
Alan Jacobs
Valerie Batts
Claude Steiner
•
•
•
•
•
STROKE ECONOMY
PIG PARENT
POWER PLAYS
AUTOCRACY
TARGET/ NON TARGET
25
And the significance of some key contributions to TA theory
are only recognised over time
Bill
Cornell
Petruska
Clarkson
• Bill Cornell’s paper on
scripts
• Petruska Clarkson’s wideranging work
• Pio Scilligo’s writing on egostates
• Leonhard Schlegel’s writing
on theory and his
contribution to spreading
TA in Europe
Leonhard
Schlegel
Pio
Scilligo
26
INTEGRATIVE TA – also a spin-off
REBECCA TRAUTMANN
Charlotte Christoph-Lemke
Landy Gobes
Janet Moursund
Marye O’Reilly-Knapp
• INTEGRATED EGO STATES
• INQUIRY, ATTUNEMENT,
INVOLVEMENT
• RELATIONSHIP-SEEKING
MOTIVATION
• EMPATHY
Richard Erskine
27
CO-CREATIVE TA
Jim & Barbara Allen
Graeme Summers
Keith Tudor
Jo Stuthridge
NARRATIVE / STORYING
CONSTRUCTION OF MEANING
CREATE NEW MEANINGS
INTEGRATING ADULT EGOSTATE
• NON-CONSCIOUS
• INTER-DEPENDENCE &
HOMONOMY
•
•
•
•
28
CLASSICAL psychoanalytic TA
Carlo Moiso
Michele Novellino
29
CLASSICAL psychoanalytic TA …
continues to develop
Carlo Moiso
Michele Novellino
Frances Bonds-White
Bill Cornell
• TRANSFERENCES
Gloria Noriega
• CONTINUAL SCRIPTING
PROCESS
Petruska Clarkson
• SCRIPT PROTOCOL
Resi Tosi
Susanna Ligabue
30
AND…
Helena Hargaden
Charlotte Sills
31
…also develops into RELATIONAL TA
Charlotte Sills
C1
P0
Helena Hargaden
A0
Ray Little
C0
Heather Fowlie
• TRANSFORMATIVE TRANSFERENCE
• 3RD ORDER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS – THE REAL SELF
• EMPATHIC INTERVENTIONS
• 2-WAY STREET
32
‘INDEPENDENT’ TA
For example, Bill Cornell
combined body therapy and
CLASSICAL TA prior to
contemporary psychoanalysis informing his TA
thinking and writing
versus
A BIT of (almost)
EVERYTHING
33
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS OVERVIEW
INDEPENDENT
RELATIONAL
CO-CREATIVE
INTEGRATIVE
RADICAL PSYCHIATRY
CATHEXIS
REDECISION
CLASSICAL Cognitive & Behavioural
CLASSICAL Psychoanalytic
Are there other perspectives?
BERNE
34
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS EVOLVES…
INDEPENDENT
ERIC
BERNE
RELATIONAL
CO-CREATIVE
INTEGRATIVE
RADICAL PSYCHIATRY
CATHEXIS
REDECISION
CLASSICAL Cognitive & Behavioural
CLASSICAL Psychoanalytic
…and keeps evolving
BERNE
35
MORE FERTILE GROUND
Co-creative
Theory
Integration of TA with
Psychodynamic Theory
Parent Ego-state
Applications
Parent
Education
Autocratic
Power
Integration of TA with
Redecision Theory
94
94
95
Episcript
95
96
Unconscious
Communication
CBT & PsychoDynamic Theory
Integrative
Psychotherapy
Psychopathology
Permission &
Ritual
97
98 98 02 03
INDEPENDENT
Effectiveness
of TA
04
Transgenerational
Scripts
Relational
TA
Social
Roles
05 06 07
07 08
RELATIONAL
CO-CREATIVE
INTEGRATIVE
RADICAL
REDECISION
Cognitive & Behavioural
Psychoanalytic
36
Integration of TA with
Psychodynamic Theory, 1995
Peg Blackstone
37
Transgenerational Scripts, 2008
Gloria Noriega
38
Psychotherapy with the
Parent Ego-State, 1994
Sharon Dashiell Kackman
John McNeel
39
Applied TA in
Parent Education, 1995
Jean Illsley Clark
40
Hot Potato Transmission
& Episcript, 1997
Fanita English
41
Permission Ritual Therapy, 2004
Pearl Drego
42
Integration of TA with Personality
Adaptations & Redecision Therapy, 1994
Vann Joines
43
Autocratic Power, 1996
Alan Jacobs
44
Integrative Psychotherapy, 1998
Rebecca Trautmann
45
Psychopathology of Schizophrenia,
Alcoholism & Homosexuality, 2005
Graham Barnes
46
Measuring the Effectiveness of TA, 2006
Theodore Novey
47
What does each TA
approach mean by…
Or…?
First or
second
order…?
Cure?
A Medical Model
CHANGE
Growth?
?
An Evolutionary
Model
Acceptance?
An Inclusion Model
48
WHERE IS THE TA
INTERVENTION FOCUSSED?
Does the field of application make a
difference?
49
Different Orientations of the Four Fields of TA
Counselling
Psychotherapy
Organisational
Educational
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Purposes of each Field
Organisational TA:
•
to increase the effectiveness of people working in organisations, taking into
account the organisational context, frames of reference and development
Educational TA:
•
to advance personal and professional learning and growth, both scholastic and
social
Counselling TA:
•
to increase autonomy in relation to social, professional and cultural environments
by developing greater awareness, options and skills for problem management and
personal development in daily life
Psychotherapy TA:
•
to facilitate healing, change and self-actualisation through greater understanding of
self and relationships, in the past and present, and the creation of conscious,
creative and spontaneous options for the future
51
Counselling TA
Currently primarily uses psychotherapy concepts
INDEPENDENT
RELATIONAL
CO-CREATIVE
INTEGRATIVE
RADICAL PSYCHIATRY
CATHEXIS
REDECISION
Cognitive & Behavioural
Psychoanalytic
BERNE
52
Organisational TA
Bernd Schmid
53
Organisational TA
INDEPENDENT
RELATIONAL
CO-CREATIVE
INTEGRATIVE
RADICAL
CATHEXIS
REDECISION
CLASSICAL
CLASSICAL
ORGANISATIONAL ANALYSIS Mohr
ROLES Schmid
COMPLEXITY & EMERGENCE Napper
RELATIONAL NEEDS Klingenberg
EQUALITIES Batts
ACCOUNTING Mellor
RESTRUCTURE CULTURE Balling
PERFORMANCE Hay, Krausz,Temple
CULTURE, SYSTEMS, LEADERS Berne
54
Educational TA
INDEPENDENT SOCIAL ROLES TRIANGLE Le Guernic
RELATIONAL DISTURBANCE TO FRAME OF REFERENCE
CO-CREATIVE SCRIPTING AS LEARNING Newton
INTEGRATIVE RELATIONAL NEEDS IN LEARNING
3-DIMENSIONAL OKNESS White, Davidson
RADICAL
CLASSROOM SYMBIOSIS Raimund
CATHEXIS
REDECISION PARENT EDUCATION Illsley Clark
FUNCTIONAL FLUENCY Temple
CLASSICAL
GROUP IMAGOES Napper & Newton
CLASSICAL
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THE FUTURE OF TA?
new TA theory?
incorporate
theory from
other
psychologies?
other TA
fields of
application?
develop
theory of
practice?
56
Cognitive
Behavioural
Therapy
Positive
Psychodynamic &
Psychology
Psychoanalysis
Systems
Object
EMDR
TA & OTHER
Relations
Gestalt
PSYCHOLOGIES
Eye Movement
Desensitisation &
Reprocessing
Neuro-Linguistic
Programming
Group
Relations
EFT
PersonCentered
Emotional Freedom
Techniques
57
A psychological perspective
describes coherently…
What is
personality?
What is a
What are relationships?
human
How do we communicate?
being?
How does change occur?
What is development?
How to
practise?
What is the
context or
system?
58
A special thanks in preparing this
powerpoint goes to:
• Alastair Wyllie (Scotland)
• Keith Tudor (New Zealand)
• Günther Mohr (Germany)
• Gloria Noriega (Mexico)
• Tudor, K. and Hobbes, R. (2002) Transactional Analysis in
Dryden, W. (Ed.) Dryden’s Handbook of Individual Therapy, pp
256-286. London, Sage Publications (5th ed.)
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This PowerPoint presentation has
been designed by
Rosemary Napper, TSTA
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