WEATHER FORECASTING
By: Skye Brooks, Elizabeth Brooks, Michaela
Chen and Vincent Margiotta
EARLY WEATHER INSTRUMENTS
Thermometer- an instrument that measures and
indicates temperature
 Barometer- an instrument that measures
atmospheric pressure
 Anemometer- an instrument used to measure
wind speed
 Hygrometer- an instrument used to measure
humidity
 Rain Gauges- a device used to measure the
amount of rain that falls in a location
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MODERN WEATHER INSTRUMENTS
Doppler radar- a device used to track
precipitation
 Radar- a device that can be used to find the
location, movement, and amount of precipitation.
It also finds what form of precipitation
 Weather satellites- a satellite that records cloud
distribution and temperature to help in
predicting weather patterns
 Instrumented Balloons- balloons that carry
electronic equipment that can measure different
weather conditions in the upper atmosphere
 Computer and Communication Systems- to
interpret data and images
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BAROMETER
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A barometer is an instrument designed to measure
atmospheric pressure. This is important because
knowing the air pressure can tell you how much wind
there is.
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It was invented by Evangelista Torricelli in 1644.
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The first barometer was called the “Torricelli's Tube”.
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There are two types of barometers
1.Aneroid barometer
2.Mercurial barometer
MERCURIAL BAROMETER
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Mercurial Barometer were invented before
Aneroid Barometer.
Mercurial barometers were long and the scales
were measured in inches of mercury.
The inventor of the Mercurial Barometer
Evangelista Torricelli
ANEROID BAROMETER
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The aneroid barometer was invented by the
French scientist, Lucien Vidie, in 1843.
An aneroid barometer measures the variation in
the atmospheric pressure.
The term aneroid means "with out fluid" or "with
out liquid" because the metal was usually made
out of phosphor bronze or beryllium copper
It is an elastic disk which changes size according
to the pressure in the atmosphere
THERMOMETERS
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There were many inventors who each invented a
different version of the thermometer but Santorio
Santorio, an Italian inventor.
Other inventors invented different versions of
thermometers such as Galileo Galilei who
invented a rudimentary water thermometer and
Gabriel Fahrenheit who invented the first
mercury thermometer
The first thermometers were called theroscopes
ANEMOMETER
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In 1450 Leon Battista Alberti, an Italian art
architect invented the first Anemometer.
The anemometer consisted of a disk that was
placed perpendicular to the wind. It would then
rotate with the force of the wind and the angle
that the disk was at showed the amount of wind
force.
 There are two other types of anemometers the
hemispherical cup anemometer and the sonic
anemometer.
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HEMISPHERICAL CUP ANEMOMETER
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The hemispherical cup anemometer was invented
by John Thomas Romney Robinson in 1846 who
was an Irish researcher
It consisted of four hemispherical cups which
rotated horizontally with the wind while a
combination of wheels recorded the number of
revolutions at a given time.
SONIC ANEMOMETER
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The sonic anemometer was invented in 1994 by
Dr. Andreas Pflitsch, a geologist.
A sonic anemometer measures wind speed and
direction by measuring how many sound waves
are traveling between a pair of transducers.
They are sped up or slowed down by the effect of
the wind.
HYGROMETER
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In the 1400s Leonardo da Vinci built the first
hygrometer. In 1664 Francesco Folli invented a
more practical hygrometer.
The best hygrometer is the dry and wet bulb
hygrometer which consists of two thermometers
one of which has a dry base the other with a wet
base. The water from the wet base evaporates
causing the reading to drop. Using both the wet
and dry readings scientists are able to calculate
the relative humidity.
RAIN GAUGES
The first rain Gauge was made in Korea in 1441
A.D. during the reign of King Sejong the Great.
 A rain gauge is made up of a funnel placed atop a
measuring tube. This is done to get more precise
readings.
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RADAR
Before radar was invented there were radio
waves.
 In 1887 a physicist named Heinrich Hertz started
experimenting with radio waves.
 Thirty years later many scientists started
researching the uses for radio waves
 During World War II Germany, France, Great
Britain, and the United States used Radar to
communicate with ships and airplanes. It was
here that people first realized that you could pick
up precipitation on radars.
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DOPPLER RADAR
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The Doppler Radar was named after Christian
Andreas Doppler who was an Australian
physicist.
Doppler observed that the frequency of light and
sound waves was affected by the relative motion
of the source and the detector this became known
as the Doppler effect.
The Doppler radar uses sound waves and light
waves to detect things relating to the weather
WEATHER SATELLITES
In 1947 a rocket was sent into space. Attached to
it was a video camera that showed pictures of the
atmosphere and the clouds. This was proof that
weather satellites could be used to for weather
forecasts from space.
 In 1960 the first weather satellite was launched
into orbit around planet Earth.
 In 1966 the United States placed its first satellite
in high geostationary orbit which allowed it to
take pictures of an entire hemisphere at once.
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INSTRUMENTED BALLOONS
Instrumented balloons are balloons that are
attached to electronic equipment that measure
the earths atmosphere.
 Weather balloons are also sent to other planets to
collect data about their atmospheres.
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COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
Computer and communication systems are used
to do many things in weather forecasting such as:
 Interpreting data and images
 Making predictions and forecasts
 Converting raw data into maps and three
dimensional models
 Communicating the processed information to the
mass media
 Processing and model atmospheric processes
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MNEMONIC DEVICE
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventors/a/Barometer.
htm
http://www.capitalyachtclub.net/barometer.html
http://www.ussartf.org/predicting_weather.htm
http://www.scienceclarified.com/As-Bi/Barometer.html
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blthermometer
.htm
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blhygrometer.
htm
http://inventors.about.com/od/astartinventions/a/Anemomet
er.htm
http://www.storesonline.com/site/453784/page/74847
http://www.fi.edu/weather/radar/history.html
http://www.fi.edu/weather/satellite/history.html