The Tissue Level
of Organization
Chapter 4
Tissues of the Body: An
Introduction
Tissues
Histology
4 basic types of tissues
1.
2.
3.
4.
Neural
Connective
Muscle
Epithelial
Epithelial Tissue
Includes
epithelia
glands
5 important characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cellularity
Polarity
Attachment
Avascularity
Regeneration
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
1.
2.
3.
4.
Provide Physical
Protection
Control Permeability
Provide Sensation
Produce Specialized
Secretions
Specializations of Epithelial
Tissue



Movement of fluid over the
epithelial surface
(protection or lubrication).
Movement of fluid through
the epithelium
(permeability).
Production of secretions
(protection or chemical
messengers)
Maintaining the Integrity of
Epithelia
Intercellular
Tight
Connections
junctions
Gap junctions
Desmosomes
Maintaining the Integrity of
Epithelia
Intercellular
Connections
Attachment to the Basal
Lamina
Lamina
lucida
Lamina densa
Maintaining the Integrity of
Epithelia
Intercellular
Connections
Attachment to the Basal
Lamina
Maintenance and Repair
Classification of Epithelia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Squamous Epithelia
Cuboidal Epithelia
Columnar Epithelia
Transitional epithelia
Glandular Epithelia
Classification of Epithelia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Squamous Epithelia
Cuboidal Epithelia
Columnar Epithelia
Transitional epithelia
Glandular Epithelia
3 methods of glandular
secretion
1.
2.
3.
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
Exocrine glands

3 types of secretions
1.
2.
3.
Serous glands
Mucous glands
Mixed exocrine glands
Exocrine glands

Also be classified by
structure
1.
2.
multicellular
unicellular
Three characteristics of
multicellular exocrine glands
1.
2.
3.
Structure of the duct
relationship between
ducts and glandular
areas
Shape of secretory
portion of the gland
Connective Tissues

Three basic
characteristics
1.
2.
3.
Specialized cells
Extracellular protein fibers
A fluid, extracellular
ground substance
Specialized functions of
connective tissues
 Structural
framework
 Transporting fluids and dissolved
materials
 Protecting delicate organs
 Supporting, surrounding and
connecting other tissues
 Storing lipids
 Defense against invading
microorganisms
Classification of Connective
Tissues
 Connective
tissue proper
 loose
connective tissue
 dense connective tissue
 Fluid
connective tissues
 blood
 lymph
 Supportive
 cartilage
 bone
connective tissues
8 basic types in connective
tissue proper
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fibroblasts
5. Microphages
Macrophages 6. Mast cells
Adipocytes
7. Lymphocytes
Mesenchymal
cells
8.
Melanocytes
3 types of fibers
1.
2.
3.
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
Loose connective tissues

3 types
1.
2.
3.
reticular
adipose
areolar
Dense connective tissues


Second type of
connective tissue proper
3 kinds of dense
connective tissue
1.
2.
3.
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic
Fluid Connective Tissues
Blood


3 types of formed
elements
1. erythrocytes
2. leukocytes
3. Platelets

Lymph
Supportive Connective Tissues
Cartilage
Cartilage
grows by 2
mechanisms
Interstitial
Appositional
3 major types of cartilage
1.
2.
3.
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Supportive Connective Tissues
Cartilage
Bone
Membranes

Four types of membranes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
Synovial
The Connective Tissue
Framework of the Body
Superficial
fascia
Deep fascia
Subserous fascia
Muscle Tissue
1.
2.
3.
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Neural Tissue
2
kinds of neural cells
Neurons
Neuroglia
Neurons are made up of 3
parts
1.
2.
3.
Cell
Dendrites
Axon
Tissue Injuries and Repair
Inflammation
process
of inflammation
occurs in several stages
Regeneration
Aging and Tissue Structure
Speed
and effectiveness of
tissue repairs decreases as
people age
Aging and Cancer Incidence
Rates
increase with age
1 in 4 people
#2 cause of death