Osmosis, Diffusion, and Cell
Transport
Biology II
Standards
1. Matter tends to be cycled within an ecosystem, while energy is transformed and eventually
exits an ecosystem
2. The size and persistence of populations depend on their interactions with each other and on
the abiotic factors in an ecosystem
3. Cellular metabolic activities are carried out by biomolecules produced by organisms
4. The energy for life primarily derives from the interrelated processes of photosynthesis and c
ellular respiration. Photosynthesis transforms the sun’s
light energy into the chemical energy of molecular bonds. Cellular respiration allows cells to util
ize chemical energy when these bonds are broken.
5. Cells use the passive and active transport of substances across membranes to maintain relati
vely stable intracellular environments
6. Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems maintain relatively stable internal environments, eve
n in the face of changing external environments
7. Physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism are influenced to varying degrees by h
eritable genes, many of which encode instructions for the production of proteins
8. Multicellularity makes possible a division of labor at the cellular level through the expression
of select genes, but not the entire genome
Warm-up (9-9-14)
Is it important to learn proper techniques for
handling technology within the lab?
What are some capabilities technology has given
people throughout the last decade? (Think of
some capabilities that are science related too!!)
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• LabQuest Demo & exploration
Objectives
• To explore the LabQuests and learn how to
properly use Logger Pro and the new lab
technology
Warm-up (9-10-14)
• Cross off the box for today’s warm-up. We will
not be using it.
• Please make sure that 4 of you are logged on
to the laptops next door.
• After you are logged on, come back in this
room and be prepared for more instructions.
Warm-up (9-11-14)
• Explain some of the capabilities of Logger Pro
that you learned yesterday that you maybe
didn’t know before.
Warm-up (9-12-14)
• While working with Logger Pro, do you ever
need to open up a Word document to type?
• What is one of the easiest and quickest ways
to get information if you and your group
members don’t know how to do something?
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Work Time
Objectives
• To explore LabQuest and Logger Pro and to
teach the class how to perform various
functions that they may not have known
before
Warm-up (9-15-14)
• When using the LabQuests, what are the
procedures for turning it on?
• When using the LabQuests, what are the
procedures for turning it off?
• How do you switch between pages in Logger
Pro?
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Work Time
Objectives
• To explore LabQuest and Logger Pro and to
teach the class how to perform various
functions that they may not have known
before
• To present our Logger Pro assignments and
learn new functions of Logger Pro.
Warm-up (9-16-14)
• When using Logger Pro, what is the procedure
for making Logger Pro save each run
automatically?
• If I don’t set the preferences to save
automatically, what must I do?
Outline
•
•
•
•
Objectives
Present Logger Pro
Any final questions
Transport Notes
Objectives
• To present our Logger Pro assignments and
learn new functions of Logger Pro.
Warm-up (9-17-14)
• What does cell transport mean? What does it
make you think about?
• How is cell transport involved in the
transmission of the Ebola virus?
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Anatomy of an egg
• Why do I care?
Objectives
• To introduce the concepts of cell transport
and the different types of transport
• To explain the processes of diffusion and
osmosis
• Determine the types of transport and how a
cell maintains a stable internal environment.
Anatomy of an Egg
• https://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/eggs
/eggcomposition.html
Why do I care?
• You are made of cells… Without cell transport
you would not be alive!
• The movement of various solutes can
contribute to a variety of bodily functions that
occur in your daily lives.
– Sodium / Potassium pump
Lab Notebook Setup
• Number your notebook starting with page 1 in
the very front. Number both front and back of
the pages.
• Composition notebook, the first 2 pages front
and back (pages 1-4) will be used for the table
of contents
• Make sure to label each of these pages.
p. 5 Egg Anatomy
• Predict: (What do you think is going to
happen? What do you notice before?)
• Observe: (What do you notice? What is
happening? What is the end result?)
• Explain: (Why did this happen? What does
this show? Why is this important?)
p. 6 Strainer Transport
• Predict:
• Observe:
• Explain:
Strainer Transport
• What does the strainer represent?
• What could the substances going through the
strainer represent?
• Can the material only go one way?
• What do you know about the concentrations of
the substances on either side of the membrane?
Types of Transport
• Three types of transport in cells
1. Passive Transport: does not use the cell’s
energy in bringing materials in & out of the cell
2. Active Transport: does use the cell’s energy in
bringing materials in & out of the cell
3. Bulk Transport: involves the cell making
membrane bound vesicles to bring materials in
& out of the cell
Passive Transport
• There are 3 types of passive transport:
1. Diffusion: involves small or uncharged
molecules entering & leaving the cell
2. Osmosis: involves water entering & leaving
the cell
3. Facilitated Diffusion: involves large or
charged molecules that need a protein helper to
get in & out of the cell
Diffusion
Diffusion
Diffusion
is the
netnet
movement
• Diffusion
is the
movementofofaa substance
substance
(liquid
oran
gas)
an area of
(liquid or gas)
from
areafrom
of higher
higher
concentration
one ofconcentration.
lower
concentration
to one to
of lower
concentration.
drop of
dye in water but
is
A drop of dye inA water
is concentrated
concentrated
then begins
disperse
then begins tobut
disperse
throughtoout
the water
moving out
fromthe
anwater
area ofmoving
high to from
an area of low
through
concentration.
an
area of high
to an area of low
concentration.
Warm-up (9-18-14)
• Why is it necessary to have a separate
definition for the diffusion of water?
• What is the difference between active and
passive transport?
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Check Egg Experiment
• Cell Transport Notes
Objectives
• To explain the processes of diffusion and
osmosis
• Determine the types of transport and how a
cell maintains a stable internal environment.
•
Diffusion
When the substance
has
fully
Diffusion
dispersed through out
the
container,
it has reached
When
the substance
has fully dispersed through
equilibrium.
out the container, it has reached equilibrium.
• What
do in
you
notice
about
thehow molecules A and
Notice
the
picture
below
picture?
B are evenly distributed through out the
• When
equilibrium
been
container.
Whenhas
equilibrium
has been
reached, there is no longer a
reached, there
is no longer a
concentration
gradient.
concentration gradient. A
• A concentration gradient is the
concentration
gradient is the
difference
in concentration
difference
concentration
between
twoinareas.
between two areas.
Diffusion
Certain moleculesDiffusion
can freely diffuse across
the cell membrane. Look at the picture
hydrophobic
• belowCertain molecules
can molecules and small
freely diffusemolecules
across the can
uncharged
cell membrane.
diffuse
through the
• membrane
Look at the picture
but large
hydrophobic molecules
molecules
or ions
and small uncharged
(atoms
with
positive
molecules
can adiffuse
the membrane
orthrough
negative
charge)
but large
molecules or
can
not
move
ions (atoms with a
through
the
positive or
negative
membrane.
charge) can not move
through the membrane.
Osmosis
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water from an area
of high concentration to an area of low
concentration across a membrane.
• Cell membranes are completely permeable to
water and the amount of water in the
environment has a large effect on the survival
of a cell.
. Cell membranes are completely permeable
d the amount of water in the environment has
ect on the survival of a cell. The picture shows
arated by
ne and how
moves from
high
on to an
.
Little solute
Lots of solute
Lots of water
Little water
The picture shows a tube separated by a membrane and
how the water moves from an area of high concentration
to an area of low.
Osmosis
• There are 3 types of solutions that involve
water and how they affect the cell.
1. Hypertonic Solution: the solution the cell is
placed in has less water than the cell
2. Hypotonic Solution: the solution the cell is
placed in has more water then the cell
3. Isotonic Solution: the solution the cell is
placed in has equal amount of water as the cell
Osmosis
are 3 types of
ns that involve
and how they
he cell. They are:
ertonic Solution: the
n the cell is placed in
s water than the cell
otonic Solution: the
n the cell is placed in
ore water then the cell
onic Solution: the
n the cell is placed in
ual amount of water as
Hypertonic Solution
• Hypertonic solution: higher concentration of
water inside the cell than outside the cell.
– more solute (salt, sugar, etc.) than the cell
• causes there to be less water in the solution.
– Water flows from an area of high concentration to
an area of low and leaves the cell.
• causes the cell to shrivel.
Shriveling Cells
• Water Loss =
• In animal cells, the shriveling is called
crenating.
• In plant cells, plasmolysis occurs and the cell
membrane shrinks away from the cell wall.
• Death will result in both cells.
has more solute (salt, sugar, etc.) than the cell and this
causes there to be less water in the solution. Water flows from an area of
high concentration to an area of low and leaves the cell. This loss of water
causes the cell to shrivel.
In animal cells, the shriveling is called crenating. The red blood cells in the
picture to the left have crenated. In plant cells, plasmolysis occurs and the
cell membrane shrinks away from the cell wall. Death will result in both
cells.
Plasmolysis occurring in a plant cell
Crenated red blood cells
Normal cell
Cell in
plasmolysis
Hypotonic Solution
• Hypotonic solution: higher percentage of
water than the cell.
– less solute than the cell and causes the solution to
have more water than the cell.
– When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution,
water flows from an area of high concentration to
an area of low and rushes into the cell.
• causes the cell to expand and possibly burst.
Cell Swelling
• In animal cells, the cell bursts or will lyse,
killing the cell.
• In plant cells, the cell membrane is pressed up
against the cell wall but the cell wall does not
allow the cell to expand anymore and the
plant cell does not die.
concentration to an area of low and rushes into the cell. This
causes the cell to expand and possibly burst.
In animal cells, the cell bursts or will lyse, killing the cell. In plant cells,
n a hypotonic solution, the solution contains a higher
the cell membrane is pressed up against the cell wall but the cell
percentage of water than the cell. A hypotonic
wall less
doessolute
not allow
expand
anymore and the plant cell
solution has
than the
the cell
cell to
and
this causes
does not die.
the solution to have more water than the cell. When a cell is placed
in a hypotonic solution, water flows from an area of high
concentration to an area of low and rushes into the cell. This
causes the cell to expand and possibly burst.
Plant cell in a
n animalHypotonic
cells, the solution
cell bursts or will lyse, killing the cell. In plant cells,
the cell membrane is pressed up against the cell wall but the cell
Red blood cells beginning to lyse
wall does not allow the cell to expand anymore and the plant cell
does not die.
Hypotonic Solution
Plant cell in a
Hypotonic solution
Red blood cells beginning to lyse
Warm-up (9-22-14)
• Divide your box in half. On one half label it
isotonic, on the other half, label it hypertonic.
• Draw a picture of an isotonic solution.
• Draw a picture of a hypertonic solution.
Outline for the day
•
•
•
•
Objectives
Egg observations
Cell Transport with an Egg
Simulation Review of hypertonic, isotonic, and
hypotonic
Objectives
• To review hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic
solutions.
Eggsperiment!
• Record your observations of the egg in your
composition notebooks.
• Feel free to touch the egg. Be careful!
Review!
Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic
• http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_pl
ace/biocoach/biomembrane1/solutions.html
• Egg Osmosis
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSS3EtKA
zYc
• Osmosis and water potential (9-23)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDZud2g1
RVY
Cell Transport Review
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfy92hda
AH0
Warm-up (9-23-14)
• Explain what you learned from the egg
demonstration.
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Notes Scavenger Hunt
Objectives
• To discover more information about cell
transport and the structure of membranes
Review!
Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic
• http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_pl
ace/biocoach/biomembrane1/solutions.html
• Egg Osmosis
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSS3EtKA
zYc
• Osmosis and water potential (9-23)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDZud2g1
RVY
Osmosis
• Why is there a separate definition for the
diffusion of water??
– Living systems have semipermeable membranes
– This may or may not allow the passage of a solute
• Remember that water is a solvent!
– LAWS OF DIFFUSION WON’T WORK
• Solute concentration (diffusion) has to be replaced by water
potential.
• Living systems create the need for the concept of osmosis
– What is water potential?
• The sum of the effect of pressure and solute potentials
Water Potential
• ᴪ (Psi) = ᴪs + ᴪ p
• Made of pressure potential and solute
potential
– Pressure potential: how much water the cell
already has
– Solute potential: how much solute is dissolved
• This influences pressure potential
– Water flows from areas of high water potential to
low water potential
Isotonic Solution
• isotonic solution: same percentage of water
on the outside of the cell as the inside of the
cell.
– same amount of solute as the inside of the cell.
– Water moves at a constant rate in and out of the
cell and the cell maintains its original shape.
Isotonic Solution
In an isotonicIsotonic
solution, there isSolution
the same
•
percentage of water on the outside of the
cell as the inside of the cell. An isotonic
solution has
same amount
solute
as keeps its
In animal
andtheplant
cells,ofthe
cell
the inside of the cell. Water moves at a
shape
when
in
an out
isotonic
solution.
Most cells
In an
isotonic
there
the cell
same
constant
ratesolution,
in and
ofisthe
and the
percentage
of
water
on the
outside of the
cell
maintains
its
original
shape.
live in cell
anasisotonic
environment
the inside of the
cell. An isotonic and they are
In animal
and has
plant
cell ofkeeps
solution
thecells,
same the
amount
soluteits
as
ableshape
tothemaintain
their
shape
and
when
inthe
ancell.
isotonic
inside of
Watersolution.
moves at aMost survive.
in and outenvironment
of the cell andand
the
cellsconstant
live in rate
an isotonic
original shape.
theycell
aremaintains
able to its
maintain
their shape and
In animal and plant cells, the cell keeps its
survive.
Isotonic Solution
shape when in an isotonic solution. Most
cells live in an isotonic environment and
they are able to maintain their shape and
survive.
Plant cells in an
isotonic solution
Plant cells in an
isotonic solution
Red blood cell in an isotonic so
Red blood cell in an isotonic solution
Hypertonic and Hypotonic Solutions
Hypertonic and Hypotonic
• The plantSolutions
cell to
the left is placed in
distilled water and
The plant cell to the left is placed
salt
solution.
distilled water and salt solution.
Notice
whatwhat
happens to the cell in
Notice
different types of solutions.
happens to the cell
in the different
types of solutions.
The red blood cell to the right is placed in
Hypertonic and Hypotonic
Solutions
The plant cell to the
left is placed in
• The red blood cell
to the right is
placed in distilled
water and salt
solution. Notice
The red blood cell to the right is placed in
distilled
waterhappens
and salt solution.
what
to
Notice what happens to the cell in the
different
types in
of solutions.
the cell
the
different types of
solutions.
distilled water and salt solution.
Notice what happens to the cell in the
different types of solutions.
Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated
Some molecules
are too large to pass Diffusion
through the cell membrane by diffusion
•
•
and need help to cross. These molecules use facilitated diffusion.
Facilitated diffusion is the flow of large molecules from an area of high
an area
low using proteins in the cell membrane.
Some concentration
moleculestoare
toooflarge
Glucose
is able tothe
entercell
our cells
to pass
through
from the blood stream by
membrane
bydiffusion.
diffusion
and
facilitated
A glucose
need help
to iscross.
molecule
too big These
to squeeze
throughuse
the phospholipid
molecules
facilitated
bilayer and needs protein
diffusion.
channels to help it pass into
Facilitated
is the
the cell.diffusion
These protein
extremely important
flow of“helpers”
large are
molecules
from
because
theyconcentration
allow much needed
an area
of
high
molecules to enter our cells. With
to an area
of our
lowcells
using
out them,
would not have
proteins
in the
cellcells would not be
glucose
and our
able to make energy.
membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
• Glucose is able to enter our cells from the
blood stream by facilitated diffusion. A
glucose molecule is too big to squeeze
through the phospholipid bilayer and needs
protein channels to help it pass into the cell.
These protein “helpers” are extremely
important because they allow much needed
molecules to enter our cells. With out them,
our cells would not have glucose and our cells
would not be able to make energy.
Active Transport
• The types of transport discussed so far are
passive transport and do NOT require a cell to use
its energy- the molecules flow with the
concentration gradient. There are times when the
cell wants to pump against the gradient and to do
so, it must use energy. The use of energy to pump
molecules against the gradient is called active
transport. A cell uses energy in the form of ATP
(adenosine tri- phosphate). When energy is taken
from ATP, it turns into ADP.
Active
Transport
transport
d so far are
ransport and do
uire a cell to use
y- the molecules
h the concentration
There are times
e cell wants to
ainst the gradient
o so, it must use
The use of energy
molecules against
ent is called
ansport. A cell
ergy in the form of
enosine trite). When energy
rom ATP, it turns
.
The sodium-potassium pump in nerve cells is an
example of active transport. Sodium and potassium
atoms are pumped against the gradient using ATP.
By pumping against the gradient, the cell builds an
even bigger gradient (difference between
concentrations across the membrane) that helps
nerve impulses.
Bulk Transport
• The last kind of cell transport is bulk transport.
• Bulk transport involves the cell membrane
making vesicles to bring materials in and out of
the cell. There are two kinds of bulk transport:
1. Exocytosis: moving materials OUT of the cell.
2. Endocytosis: moving materials INTO the cell.
There are 2 types of endocytosis:
1. Pinocytosis: bringing small molecules or liquids into
the cell
2. Phagocytosis: bringing large molecules into the cell
Exocytosis
• Exocytosis is the process of exporting materials
out of the cell by forming a membrane bound
vesicle around the materials. The cell uses
exocytosis to get rid of cell waste or to export
proteins made in the cell to give to other cells.
• The proteins or waste are taken to the golgi body
where the materials are packaged into a
membrane bound vesicle. The vesicle then
merges with the cell membrane and the materials
are released into the outside environment.
uses exocytosis to get rid of cell waste or to export proteins made in
the cell to give to other cells.
The proteins or waste are taken to the golgi body where the materials
are packaged into a membrane bound vesicle. The vesicle then
merges with the cell membrane and the materials are released into
the outside environment.
Micrograph of a vesicle
expelling its contents
exocytosis
Endocytosis and Pinocytosis
• Endocytosis is the movement of materials into
the cell through membrane bound vesicles. One
type of endocytosis is called pinocytosis, or “cell
drinking”.
• Pinocytosis is the movement of small molecules
or liquids into the cell through bulk transport.
• The small molecules make contact with the cell
membrane and the cell membrane pinches off
around the molecules. Pinocytosis is how animal
cells make vacuoles (water filled sacs).
Endocytosis - Phagocytosis
• The other type of endocytosis is phagocytosis, or
“cell eating”. Phagocytosis is the movement of
large molecules into the cell through bulk
transport.
• The large molecules make contact with the cell
membrane and the cell membrane pinches off
around the molecules. The lysosomes then fuse
with the vesicle and break down the large
molecules into nutrients. Phagocytosis is how
white blood cells engulf bacteria and break them
down.
Phagocytosis is the movement of large
molecules into the cell through bulk transport.
The large molecules make contact with the cell
membrane and the cell membrane pinches off
The other type of endocytosis is phagocytosis, or “cell eating”.
around the molecules. The lysosomes then
Phagocytosis is the movement of large
fuse with the vesicle and break down the large
molecules into the cell through bulk transport.
molecules into nutrients. Phagocytosis is how
large
molecules
make contact
with the cell
whiteThe
blood
cells
engulf bacteria
and break
and the cell membrane pinches off
themmembrane
down.
around the molecules. The lysosomes then
fuse with the vesicle and break down the large
molecules into nutrients. Phagocytosis is how
white blood cells engulf bacteria and break
them down.
Endocytosis-Phagocytosis
Micrograph of a white blood cell
engulfing virus particles.
Micrograph of a white blood cell
engulfing virus particles.
A cell taking in a food particle
and breaking it down.
A cell taking in a food particle
and breaking it down.
Endocytosis
Endocytosis
A
B
Above are examples of endocytosis. Determine what type of
endocytosis is shown in each situation. Notice the micrograph of
actual cells performing the different types of endocytosis.
Warm-up (9-24-14)
• Explain what crenation is and why this would
happen to a cell. (you may need to look back
in your notes to find the answer)
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Cell Membrane Model
Objectives
• Build a model of a cell membrane and explain
the components
Cell Membranes
• Permeability…
– What does this mean?
– What is allowed to cross the barrier
• Impermeable
• Permeable
• Semipermeable
Why talk about cell transport when we
don’t even know what the items are
transported through?!
Cell Membrane
• Now that we know the function, let’s look at
the structure to get a better understanding.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7CJ7xZOj
m0
• More Cell Membrane Notes and Information
• http://alevelnotes.com/Cell-Membranes/12
Build a Membrane
• You will have time to work to build your own
model membrane.
• I would like these to look really good so I can
use them in the future.
• Take your time, put in the effort and the work
to produce a good final product.
• Yes, you may color them!
Warm-up (9-25-14)
• What is Exocytosis and how is this important
to the cell?
• What is Endocytosis and how is this important
to the cell?
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Cell Membrane Model
Objectives
• Build a model of a cell membrane and explain
the components
Build a Membrane
• You will have time to work to build your own
model membrane.
• I would like these to look really good so I can
use them in the future.
• Take your time, put in the effort and the work
to produce a good final product.
• Yes, you may color them!
Warm-up (9-26-14)
• What is facilitated diffusion and why is it
important?
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Cell Membrane Model
Objectives
• Build a model of a cell membrane and explain
the components
Why talk about cell transport when we
don’t even know what the items are
transported through?!
Cell Membrane
• Now that we know the function, let’s look at
the structure to get a better understanding.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7CJ7xZOj
m0
• More Cell Membrane Notes and Information
• http://alevelnotes.com/Cell-Membranes/12
• Osmosis and water potential (9-23)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDZud2g1
RVY
Quiz!!
• http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_krogh_biology_
3/17/4436/1135738.cw/
• Test your progress on understanding active
and passive transport.
• Report your score to me!
Warm-up (9-29-14)
• What is diffusion?
• What is osmosis? Why is it necessary and
what makes it different from diffusion?
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Lab Prep
Objectives
• To prepare for the lab that will demonstrate
osmosis
Lab Prep
• Lab 1A and Lab 1B
Warm-up (9-30-14)
• What is the purpose of the lab 1A?
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Lab 1A
Objectives
• To explore the concept of osmosis and
diffusion using dialysis tubing
Warm-up (10-1-14)
• Write down your hypothesis for the lab 1A
• Go make sure that your lab stations are set up
and the computers and labquests are turned
on and ready to go!
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Lab 1A
Objectives
• To explore the concept of osmosis and
diffusion using dialysis tubing
Warm-up (10-2-14)
• Explain what you learned from the start of the
experiment yesterday
• Go make sure that your lab stations are set up
and the computers and labquests are turned
on and ready to go!
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Lab 1A wrap up
• Lab 1B prep
Objectives
• To explore the concept of osmosis and
diffusion using dialysis tubing
• To prepare for the second portion of the lab
Warm-up (10-3-14)
• Explain how these labs are helpful to
understanding cell transport.
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Lab 1B
Objectives
• To explore the concept of cell transport and to
demonstrate how this works by completing
the lab.
Warm-up (10-6-14)
• What would you have expected the pressure
to do in the osmosis lab? (even though we
may not have seen it)
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Lab 1B
Objectives
• To explore the concept of cell transport and to
demonstrate how this works by completing
the lab.
Warm-up (10-7-14)
• In the osmosis lab, what is one reason that the
results showed up as they did?
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Lab 1B
Objectives
• To explore the concept of cell transport and to
demonstrate how this works by completing
the lab.
Warm-up (10-8-14)
• How could the osmosis lab have been
performed in order to get more accurate
results?
• In other words, what should we have done
differently in the lab?
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Lab 1 Review / Follow up
Objectives
• To explore the concept of cell transport and to
demonstrate how this works by completing
the lab.
Warm-up (10-9-14)
• Write down everything you can remember
about cell transport and the labs we did in this
unit.
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Test
Objectives
• To demonstrate knowledge of cell transport by
taking the test.
Warm-up (10-10-14)
• What is special about carbon compounds?
• What are the four main carbon compounds?
Outline for the day
• Objectives
• Carbon Compound Review
Objectives
• To review previous knowledge of carbon
compounds and their purposes.
4 Main Carbon Compounds
•
•
•
•
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
• What are they?
– Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
– Sugars and starches
– Can be broken down to provide a source of usable
chemical energy for cells
– Major part of plant cell structure
– Monosaccharides – most basic
• Glucose
– Disaccharides
– Polysaccharides
• Polymers of monosaccharides
Cellulose vs. Starches and Glycogen
• Cellulose has different bonding of glucose
monomers
• Starches are made and stored by plants, and
can be broken down as source of energy by
plant and animal cells
• Glycogen – made and stored by animals is
more highly branched than plant starches
Lipids
• Nonpolar molecules
• Fats, oils, cholesterol
• Contain chains of carbon atoms bonded to
oxygen and hydrogen atoms
• Some can be broken down for energy
• Some are part of cell structure
• Fats and oils both contain glycerol bonded to
fatty acids
– Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms
• 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol – triglycerides
Lipids
• Saturated
– Most animal fats
– Every place that a hydrogen atom can bond to a
carbon atom is filled with a hydrogen atom.
– All single bonds
• Unsaturated
– Oils
– Fewer hydrogen atoms because there is at least one
double bond between carbon atoms
– Double bonds make kinks
Think about it
• Why would the kinks in the unsaturated fats
be important in living organisms?
• Think about how those molecules fit together.
Proteins
• Most varied of carbon-based molecules in
organisms
• Polymer made of monomers (amino acids)
– Molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
– 20 different amino acids
– Our bodies can make 12
– Others come from foods
• Meat, beans, nuts
Amino Acids in Proteins
• Form peptide bonds
– Covalent bonds formed between the amino group of
one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another
amino acid.
– Through peptide bonds, amino acids are linked into
chains called polypeptides
• A protein is one or more polypeptides
• Specific sequence of amino acids determines a
protein’s structure and function
– Alpha helix
– Beta pleated sheet
Nucleic Acids
• Provide detailed instructions to build proteins
• Long carbon-based molecules
• Polymers made up of nucleotides
– Nucleotide is composed of sugar, phosphate group,
and nitrogen-containing molecule (base)
• Only have one function – work together to make
proteins
• Two Types
1. DNA = stores the info for putting amino acids
together to make proteins
2. RNA = helps to build proteins