Housekeeping
• Tidy up lab space
– Discard razor blades & used slides in labeled waste
containers
– Discard/clean-up Analine blue slides
– Ensure fans, cords, etc. are neat and away from
walkways
– No food.
– Ensure analine blue and acid containers are closed
1
Announcements
• First plate is due today
– Transfer to lab computer
– Get instructor feedback
• Discard foul water/nasty seaweed
– Don’t leave seaweeds in closed containers (i.e.,
baggies)
• Use fans to speed-up herbarium drying
– Overnight
– While we’re in the field
2
Logistics
•
Tuesday, 15 July
– AM: Introduction to Green Algae
(Wysor)
– PM: Gracilariaceae & Gracilaria spp.
(Fredericq)
•
Thursday, 17 July
•
•
•
Tuesday, 22 July
– AM: 8am departure for Zapatilla
snorkelling (no lecture) (cameras, no
baggies)
– PM:Wrap-up/Clean-up lab
Friday, 18 July
– Off day…SCUBA?
Monday, 21 July
– AM: plate presentations
– All plates due by 12:00
– PM:
– AM: Turf Algae & Endophytes (Wysor)
– PM: Crude isolations for Algal Culture
•
Sunday, 20 July
– AM: Poly- & Neosiphonia: Molecular
assisted morphological analysis
– PM: Finalize Plates
Wednesday, 16 July
– AM: Orders of Green Algae (Wysor)
– PM: Gracilariaceae & Gracilaria spp.,
cont’d (Fredericq)
•
•
•
Wednesday, 23 July (Last day of class)
– AM: Wrap-up/start to panic/pack/cleanup lab
– PM: finish panicking/update on
barcoding progress
Saturday, 19 July
– AM: Trees, Phylogenies & other
ventures on the dark side (Freshwater)
•
Thursday, 24 July: Departure
3
Chlorophytes - “grass” green algae
4
Nuisance Algae - “Green Tides”
• Codium fragile
– aka: Deadman’s fingers
– aka: Oyster theif
5
Nuisance Algae - “Green Tides”
6
Ulva bloom in Greenwich Bay, RI
Nuisance Algae - Hull Fouling
7
Trentepohlia sp. - an orange Chlorophyte
8
Carotenoid pigments, such as Astaxanthin & -carotene impart orange color
Haematococcus sp. - an orange Chlorophyte
9
Commercial Astaxanthin Production
Haematococcus pluvialis
http://www.nutrasanus.com/astaxanthin.html
10
Commercial Astaxanthin Production
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
11
http://www.nutrasanus.com/astaxanthin.html
Chlamydomonas nivalis - a red snow Chlorophyte
Alaska, USA
Sierra Nevadas, USA
• For more information on snow algae:
– http://www.orgs.muohio.edu/uvlakes/UVecology/Phyto/snowalg.html
– http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/takeuchi/snowalgae_ak.html
12
General Characteristics of Green Algae
• Variation in algal thallus (algal body)
– filaments (filamentous)
Ulothrix: an
unbranched,
uniseriate, green algal
filament
(Ulvophyceae:
Ulotrichales)
13
General Characteristics of Green Algae
• Variation in algal thallus (algal body)
– siphonous or coenocytic: one large multi- (or
uni-) nucleate cell
Bryopsis: a siphonous, multi-nucleate, unicellular green alga (Ulvophyceae: Caulerpales)
No cross-walls.
14
General Characteristics of Green Algae
• Variation in algal thallus (algal body)
– siphonous or coenocytic: one large multi- (or
uni-) nucleate cell
Acetabularia: a siphonous, uni-nucleate,
unicellular green alga
(Ulvophyceae: Dasycladales)
Codium fragile: a siphonous,
multi-nucleate, unicellular green
alga (Ulvophyceae: Caulerpales)
15
General Characteristics of Green Algae
• Variation in algal thallus (algal body)
– parenchymatous blade
Ulva: a parenchymatous, distromatic blade (Ulvophyceae: Ulvales)
16
General Characteristics of Green Algae
• Variation in algal thallus (algal body)
– pseudoparenchymatous blade
17
Anadyomene: a pseudoparenchymatous,
blade (Ulvophyceae: Cladophorales)
Parallel Evolution of Thallus Form Uniseriate Filaments
Ulothrix
Class: Chlorophyceae
See also G&W: Fig. 17-8
Ulvophyceae
18
Parallel Evolution of Thallus Form Monostromatic Blades
Class: Ulvophyceae
Ulvophyceae
Order: Ulvales
Ulotrichales
Genus: Ulvaria
Monostroma
See also G&W: Fig. 17-8
19
Phylogeny & Synopsis of Green Algae
•
Prasinophyceae
–
–
•
Chlorophyceae
–
–
•
Terrestrial, fw
lichen symbionts (among others)
Charophyceae
–
–
•
FW, terrestrial
lots of unicells/colonies, e.g., Volvox
Trebouxiophyceae
–
–
•
marine flagellates
primitive (ancestral type) green algae
FW
land plant (drier green algae) sisters
Ulvophyceae
–
Marine, macroscopic seaweeds (among others)
20
• Given the problems associated with
convergent evolution (parallel evolution of
thallus form)…
– what types of (really conserved) features might
be used to differentiate major groups of
organisms?
• What are some features common to all
organisms/groups of organisms?
21
Flagella Ultrastructure of Green Algae
See also: G&W. Fig. 9.8c
22
Ultrastructure of the Flagellar Apparatus
23
Understanding Basal Body Orientation
1. Orientation is assumed to be top-down
24
Understanding Basal Body Orientation
Flagellate cells in the UTC clade have a symmetrical, cruciate root
systems with variable #s of alternating rootlets.
2-microtubule rootlet
Basal body: cylindrical basal portion of flagellum
lying within the cell
4-microtubule rootlet
25
Understanding Basal Body Orientation
2. Microtubule rootlets anchor basal bodies to
cytoskeleton
26
3. A cruciate (cross-shaped) arrangement of rootlets
is shown (X-2-X-2); (4-2-4-2)
Understanding Basal Body Orientation
4. There are 3 main variations in the orientation of
basal bodies, when viewed top-down (anteriorposterior direction)
5. Orientation is a round a line drawn parallel to and
between basal body axis
27
Clockwise Displacement of Basal Bodies
Chlorophyceae
CW
Clockwise
1:00 - 7:00
28
Counter Clockwise Displacement of Basal Bodies
Ulvophyceae
CCW
Counter-clockwise
11:00 - 5:00
29
Understanding Basal Body Orientation
Chlorophyceae
Ulvophyceae
Clockwise
Counter-clockwise
1:00 - 7:00
11:00 - 5:00
Trebouxiophyceae
Directly opposed
30
Flagellar Apparatus in Classes of Green Algae
31
32