Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation
in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
Supplemental Table 1. Characteristics of Women Included and Excluded from the Analysis
Included in
Excluded from
n
n
Analysis
Analysis
Age (year)
751
30.5 ± 5.2
409
29.9 ± 5.3
Ethnicity (%)
Chinese
404
53.79%
226
55.26%
Malay
217
28.89%
101
24.69%
Indian
130
17.31%
82
20.05%
Education (%)
Primary to secondary
232
31.27%
139
34.49%
GCE/Vocational/Polytechnic
265
35.71%
141
34.99%
Tertiary
245
33.02%
123
30.52%
Exercise (%)
None to gentle exercise
547
73.03%
262
75.29%
Moderate to strenuous exercise
202
26.97%
86
24.71%
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)
737
26.2 ±4.4
343
26.0 ±4.7
Height (cm)
744
158.4 ±5.6
346
157.9 ±5. 7
Smoking status (%)
Non-smoker
653
87.30%
288
82.76%
Ever smoker
95
12.70%
60
17.24%
Alcohol Intake (%)
No
486
66.48%
205
59.77%
Yes
245
33.52%
138
40.23%
Gestational Diabetes
No
577
82.19%
267
82.92%
Yes
125
17.81%
55
17.08%
Hypertension before pregnancy (%)
No
722
98.1%
395
98.5%
Yes
14
1.9%
6
1.5%
Pregnancy Associated Hypertension* (%)
Normotensive Pregnancy
694
96.1%
384
97.2%
Gestational Hypertension
16
2.2%
6
1.5%
Preeclampsia
12
1.7%
5
1.3%
% of total plasma PC fatty acids
SFAs
751
45.8 ± 3.2
245
45.8 ± 3.9
MUFAs
751
13.6 ± 2.3
245
13.6 ± 2.3
PUFAs
751
40.5 ± 3.3
245
40.6 ± 4.2
Total n-3 PUFAs
751
6.4 ± 1.9
245
6.3 ± 1.8
α-linolenic acid
751
0.2 ± 0.1
245
0.2 ± 0.2
Long chain n-3 PUFAs
751
5.9 ± 1.8
245
5.9 ± 1.7
Total n-6 PUFAs
751
34.2 ± 3.2
245
34.3 ± 4.0
Linoleic acid
751
21.7 ± 3.3
245
21.9 ± 3.9
Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid
751
3.9 ± 1.2
245
3.9 ± 1.4
Arachidonic acid
751
7.9 ± 1.7
245
7.9 ± 1.7
n-3/n-6 ratio
751
0.19 ± 0.06
245
0.19 ± 0.05
Page 1 of 15
P
0.07
0.24
0.50
0.43
0.49
0.27
0.04
0.03
0.78
0.62
0.63
0.98
0.63
0.78
0.72
0.78
0.74
0.63
0.45
0.39
0.87
0.70
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation
in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
PC= phosphatidylcholine, SFAs= saturated fatty acid, MUFAs= monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs=
polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Data are presented in % or mean ± SD. P values were derived from chi-squared tests for categorical
variables, and Student t-tests for continuous variables.
* Incident cases were reported having excluded 14 women with hypertension before pregnancy.
A total of 751 women were included for analysis. Variables with missing information: education (n=9),
exercise (n=2), body mass index (n=14), height (n=7), smoking status (n=3), alcohol intake (n=20),
gestational diabetes (n=49), hypertension before pregnancy (n=15) and fish oil supplementation (n =72).
They were coded as missing.
Page 2 of 15
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation
in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
Supplemental Table 2. Composition of Maternal Plasma PC PUFAs (% of Total Fatty Acids)
Between the 26th and the 28th Week of Gestation by Fish Oil Supplementation Status
Not Supplemented
Supplemented
P
n
383
296
Total n-3 PUFAs
6.06 ± 1.79
6.82 ± 1.91
<0.001
α-linolenic acid [18:3 (n3)]
0.22 ± 0.15
0.21 ± 0.12
0.53
Long chain n-3 PUFAs
5.66 ± 1.73
6.44 ± 1.83
<0.001
Total n-6 PUFAs
34.37 ± 3.35
33.90 ± 3.14
0.07
Linoleic acid [18:2 (n6)]
21.58 ± 3.39
21.77 ± 3.19
0.47
Dihomo-ƴ-linolenic acid [20:3 (n6)]
4.15 ± 1.22
3.68 ± 1.16
<0.001
Arachidonic acid [20:4 (n6)]
7.94 ± 1.74
7.84 ± 1.63
0.45
n-3/n-6 ratio
0.17 ± 0.06
0.20 ± 0.06
<0.001
PC= Phosphatidylcholine, PUFAs= polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Data are presented in mean ± SD and P values were derived from Student t-tests
Page 3 of 15
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian
Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
Supplemental Table 3. Sensitivity Analysis for the Association Between Maternal Plasma PC n-3 PUFAs and Blood Pressures at
the 26th to the 28th Week of Gestation
Blood Pressure Outcomes
Final Model Adjusted
Final Model (Exclusion of
Final Model Adjusted for
Final Model
for Hypertension
Hypertension Before
MUFAs
Before Pregnancy
Pregnancy Cases)
Fatty Acids (%)
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
P
Peripheral SBP
Total n-3 PUFAs
-0.51 (-0.89 to -0.13) 0.008 -0.51 (-0.89 to -0.13) 0.008 -0.50 (-0.89 to -0.12
0.01 -0.48 (-0.88 to -0.09) 0.02
α-linolenic acid
-0.11 (-5.28 to 5.06) 0.97 -0.11 (-5.28 to 5.05)
0.97
0.24 (-5.00 to 5.49)
0.93 0.27 (-4.94 to 5.48) 0.92
Long chain n-3 PUFAs
-0.52 (-0.92 to -0.13) 0.01 -0.53 (-0.92 to -0.13) 0.009 -0.53 (-0.93 to -0.12) 0.01 -0.50 (-0.91 to -0.08) 0.02
n-3/n-6 ratio*
-1.51 (-2.63 to -0.38) 0.009 -1.52 (-2.64 to -0.39) 0.008 -1.49 (-2.64 to -0.34) 0.01 -1.44 (-2.58 to -0.29) 0.01
Peripheral DBP
Total n-3 PUFAs
-0.08 (-0.38 to 0.21) 0.58 -0.08 (-0.37 to 0.21)
0.58
-0.09 (-0.39 to 0.20) 0.52 -0.02 (-0.32 to 0.29) 0.91
α-linolenic acid
-1.03 (-5.01 to 2.95) 0.61 -0.99 (-4.95 to 2.97)
0.62
-1.18 (-5.22 to 2.85) 0.56 -0.65 (-4.65 to 3.35) 0.75
Long chain n-3 PUFAs
-0.07 (-0.38 to 0.23) 0.63 -0.07 (-0.38 to 0.23)
0.63
-0.09 (-0.41 to 0.22) 0.55 -0.01 (-0.32 to 0.31) 0.97
n-3/n-6 ratio*
-0.19 (-1.05 to 0.68) 0.67 -0.19 (-1.05 to 0.68)
0.67
-0.23 (-1.11 to 0.66) 0.62 -0.07 (-0.95 to 0.81) 0.88
Central SBP
Total n-3 PUFAs
-0.31 (-0.67 to 0.04) 0.09 -0.31 (-0.66 to 0.04)
0.09
-0.32 (-0.68 to 0.04) 0.08 -0.28 (-0.65 to 0.10) 0.15
α-linolenic acid
-1.33 (-6.15 to 3.48) 0.59 -1.26 (-6.06 to 3.53)
0.60
-0.97 (-5.85 to 3.92) 0.69 -1.00 (-5.85 to 3.84) 0.68
Long chain n-3 PUFAs
-0.30 (-0.67 to 0.07) 0.12 -0.29 (-0.66 to 0.07)
0.12
-0.32 (-0.69 to 0.06) 0.10 -0.26 (-0.64 to 0.13) 0.19
n-3/n-6 ratio*
-0.91 (-1.96 to 0.13) 0.09 -0.91 (-1.95 to 0.13)
0.09
-0.94 (-2.01 to 1.30) 0.08 -0.83 (-1.89 to 0.23) 0.12
Central PP
Total n-3 PUFAs
0.13 (-0.48 to 0.02) 0.07 -0.23 (-0.48 to 0.02)
0.07
-0.22 (-0.47 to 0.03) 0.08 0.13 (-0.52 to 0.00) 0.05
α-linolenic acid
-0.30 (-3.66 to 3.06) 0.86 -0.27 (-3.64 to 3.09)
0.87
0.22 (-3.19 to 3.62) 0.90 -0.35 (-3.74 to 3.03) 0.84
Long chain n-3 PUFAs
-0.22 (-0.48 to 0.04) 0.09 -0.22 (-0.48 to 0.04)
0.09
-0.22 (-0.48 to 0.04) 0.09 -0.25 (-0.52 to 0.02) 0.07
n-3/n-6 ratio*
-0.73 (-1.46 to 0.00) 0.05 -0.72 (-1.46 to 0.01)
0.05
-0.71 (-1.46 to 0.03) 0.06 -0.76 (-1.51 to -0.02) 0.04
CI= confidence interval, PC= phosphatidylcholine, PUFAs= polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFAs= monounsaturated fatty acids, SBP=
systolic blood pressure, DBP= diastolic blood pressure, PP= pulse pressure.
*The values were β (95% CI) for blood pressures in 0.1-unit increase of the n-3/n-6 ratio.
Page 4 of 15
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian
Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
There were 14 women with hypertension before pregnancy. The final model was derived from multiple linear regression with
adjustment for maternal age, ethnicity education, exercise, alcohol intake, smoking status, BMI and height at the 26th to the 28th week
of gestation, gestational diabetes, heart rate and fish oil supplementation.
Page 5 of 15
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian
Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
Supplemental Table 4. Association Between Maternal Plasma PC n-3 PUFAs and Blood Pressures at the 26th to the 28th Week of
Gestation in Women without Fish Oil Supplementation
Fatty Acids (%)
2nd Tertile
3rd Tertile
per 1% Increase
1st Tertile
P
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
P
(Trend)
Peripheral SBP
Reference -0.35 (-2.66 to 1.95)
0.76 -1.88 (-4.35 to 0.59)
0.14
0.19
-0.45 (-0.99 to 0.09)
0.11
Total n-3 PUFAs
Reference 1.59 (-0.84 to 4.03)
0.19 -0.04 (-2.46 to 2.38)
0.97
0.96
-2.08 (-8.57 to 4.40)
0.53
α-linolenic acid
Long chain n-3 PUFAs
Reference -0.20 (-2.53 to 2.12)
0.86 -1.52 (-3.96 to 0.91)
0.22
0.24
-0.46 (-1.02 to 0.11)
0.12
n-3/n-6 ratio*
Reference -0.11 (-0.34 to 0.13)
0.36 -0.23 (-0.47 to 0.01)
0.06
0.06
-1.49 (-3.09 to 0.04)
0.07
Peripheral DBP
Total n-3 PUFAs
Reference -0.34 (-2.22 to 1.53)
0.72
0.24 (-1.77 to 2.25)
0.81
0.86
0.16 (-0.28 to 0.60)
0.48
α-linolenic acid
Reference 1.13 (-0.84 to 3.11)
0.26
0.00 (-1.96 to 1.97)
0.99
0.99
-2.26 (-7.52 to 3.00)
0.39
Long chain n-3 PUFAs
Reference -0.34 (-0.22 to 1.55)
0.72
0.88 (-1.10 to 2.86)
0.38
0.43
0.21 (-0.26 to 0.67)
0.38
*
n-3/n-6 ratio
Reference -0.11 (-0.30 to 0.08)
0.26
0.02 (-0.18 to 0.21)
0.86
0.96
0.49 (-0.81 to 1.79)
0.46
Central SBP
Total n-3 PUFAs
Reference 0.23 (-1.92 to 2.39)
0.83 -1.19 (-3.51 to 1.12)
0.31
0.35
-0.10 (-0.61 to 0.41)
0.69
Reference 1.99 (-0.28 to 4.26)
0.08 -0.32 (-2.58 to 1.93)
0.78
0.75
-2.21 (-8.28 to 3.85)
0.47
α-linolenic acid
Long chain n-3 PUFAs
Reference 0.16 (-2.02 to 2.34)
0.89 -0.40 (-2.68 to 1.88)
0.73
0.75
-0.06 (-0.59 to 0.47)
0.82
n-3/n-6 ratio*
Reference -0.07 (-0.29 to 0.15)
0.55 -0.13 (-0.35 to 0.09)
0.26
0.26
-0.47 (-1.97 to 1.03)
0.54
Central PP
Total n-3 PUFAs
Reference 0.58 (-0.89 to 2.06)
0.44 -1.44 (-3.03 to 0.15)
0.08
0.11
-0.26 (-0.62 to 0.09)
0.14
α-linolenic acid
Reference 0.86 (-0.71 to 2.42)
0.28 -0.33 (-1.89 to 1.23)
0.68
0.66
0.05 (-4.14 to 4.23)
0.98
Reference 0.49 (-0.99 to 1.99)
0.51 -1.28 (-2.84 to 0.29)
0.11
0.15
-0.27 (-0.64 to 0.09)
0.15
Long chain n-3 PUFAs
*
n-3/n-6 ratio
Reference 0.04 (-1.09 to 1.96)
0.58 -0.14 (-0.29 to 0.01)
0.06
0.09
-0.96 (-1.99 to 0.07)
0.07
CI= confidence interval, PC= phosphatidylcholine, PUFAs= polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFAs= monounsaturated fatty acids, SBP=
systolic blood pressure, DBP= diastolic blood pressure, PP= pulse pressure.
*The values were β (95% CI) for blood pressures in 0.1-unit increase of the n-3/n-6 ratio.
Subgroup analysis was performed in 383 women without fish oil supplementation. Results were derived from multiple linear regression
with adjustment for maternal age, ethnicity, education, exercise, alcohol intake, smoking status, BMI and height at the 26th to the 28th
week of gestation, gestational diabetes and heart rate.
Page 6 of 15
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian
Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
Supplemental Table 5. Sensitivity Analysis for the Association Between Maternal Plasma PC n-6 PUFAs and Blood Pressures at
the 26th to the 28th Week of Gestation
Blood Pressure Outcomes
Final Model Adjusted
Final Model (Exclusion of
Final Model Adjusted for
Final Model
for Hypertension
Hypertension Before
MUFAs
Before Pregnancy
Pregnancy Cases)
Fatty Acids (%)
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
P
Peripheral SBP
Total n-6 PUFAs
0.18 (-0.04 to 0.40) 0.11
0.17 (-0.05 to 0.39)
0.12
0.16 (-0.06 to 0.38)
0.16 0.23 (0.00 to 0.45) 0.05
Linoleic acid
0.14 (-0.07 to 0.35) 0.19
0.13 (-0.08 to 0.34)
0.21
0.13 (-0.08 to 0.34)
0.23 0.19 (-0.03 to 0.42) 0.08
Dihomo-ƴ-linolenic acid
0.58 (-0.02 to 1.18) 0.06
0.57 (-0.02 to 1.17)
0.06
0.57 (-0.04 to 1.18)
0.06 0.52 (-0.11 to 1.14) 0.10
Arachidonic acid
-0.22 (-0.66 to 0.23) 0.34
-0.20 (-0.64 to 0.24)
0.36
-0.24 (-0.68 to 0.21)
0.29 -0.19 (-0.63 to 0.25) 0.40
Peripheral DBP
Total n-6 PUFAs
0.08 (-0.09 to 0.25) 0.35
0.07 (-0.09 to 0.24)
0.38
0.07 (-0.10 to 0.24)
0.42 0.12 (-0.05 to 0.30) 0.17
Linoleic acid
0.02 (-0.14 to 0.18) 0.83
0.01 (-0.15 to 0.17)
0.42
-0.00 (-0.16 to 0.16)
0.99 0.07 (-0.09 to 0.24) 0.40
Dihomo-ƴ-linolenic acid
0.29 (-0.17 to 0.75) 0.21
0.29 (-0.17 to 0.74)
0.22
0.33 (-0.14 to 0.79)
0.17 0.21 (-0.27 to 0.69) 0.40
Arachidonic acid
0.00 (-0.34 to 0.34) 0.99
0.01 (-0.32 to 0.35)
0.93
0.01 (-0.33 to 0.36)
0.94 0.03 (-0.31 to 0.37) 0.88
Central SBP
Total n-6 PUFAs
0.13 (-0.07 to 0.33) 0.22
0.12 (-0.08 to 0.33)
0.23
0.12 (-0.09 to 0.33)
0.26 0.17 (-0.04 to 0.38) 0.11
Linoleic acid
0.05 (-0.15 to 0.24) 0.63
0.04 (-0.15 to 0.24)
0.68
0.04 (-0.16 to 0.24)
0.69 0.10 (-0.10 to 0.31) 0.34
Dihomo-ƴ-linolenic acid
0.52 (-0.04 to 1.07) 0.07
0.51 (-0.04 to 1.06)
0.07
0.54 (-0.03 to 1.10)
0.06 0.46 (-0.12 to 1.04) 0.12
Arachidonic acid
-0.03 (-0.44 to 0.38) 0.89
-0.01 (-0.42 to 0.39)
0.97
-0.04 (-0.46 to 0.37)
0.83 0.00 (-0.42 to 0.41) 0.99
Central PP
Total n-6 PUFAs
0.05 (-0.09 to 0.19) 0.50
0.05 (-0.09 to 0.19)
0.50
0.05 (-0.09 to 0.19)
0.50 0.05 (-0.10 to 0.20) 0.52
Linoleic acid
0.03 (-0.11 to 0.17) 0.66
0.03 (-0.11 to 0.17)
0.67
0.04 (-0.10 to 0.18)
0.57 0.03 (-0.12 to 0.17) 0.70
Dihomo-ƴ-linolenic acid
0.22 (-0.16 to 0.61) 0.26
0.22 (-0.16 to 0.61)
0.26
0.21 (-0.18 to 0.60)
0.29 0.26 (-0.15 to 0.66) 0.21
Arachidonic acid
-0.03 (-0.31 to 0.26) 0.85
-0.02 (-0.31 to 0.26)
0.87
-0.06 (-0.35 to 0.23)
0.69 -0.03 (-0.32 to 0.26) 0.83
CI= confidence interval, PC= phosphatidylcholine, PUFAs= polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFAs= monounsaturated fatty acids, SBP=
systolic blood pressure, DBP= diastolic blood pressure, PP= pulse pressure.
There were 14 women with hypertension before pregnancy. Final model was derived from multiple linear regression with adjustment for
maternal age, ethnicity education, exercise, alcohol intake, smoking status, BMI and height at the 26th to the 28th week of gestation,
gestational diabetes, heart rate and fish oil supplementation.
Page 7 of 15
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian
Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
Page 8 of 15
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian
Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
Supplemental Table 6. Association Between Maternal Plasma PC n-6 PUFAs and Blood Pressures at the 26th to the 28th Week of
Gestation in Women without Fish Oil Supplementation
Fatty Acids (%)
2nd
Tertile
3rd Tertile
per 1% Increase
1st
P
Tertile
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
(Trend)
P
Peripheral SBP
Reference 0.24 (-2.18 to 2.67)
0.84
1.54 (-0.86 to 3.94)
0.21
0.19
0.24 (0.04 to 0.53)
0.10
Total n-6 PUFAs
Linoleic acid
Reference 0.97 (-1.37 to 3.32)
0.42
0.24 (-2.22 to 2.70)
0.85
0.83
0.13 (-0.16 to 0.43)
0.37
Dihomo-ƴ-linolenic acid Reference
4.52 (1.99 to 7.04)
<0.001
3.94 (1.45 to 6.34)
0.002
0.005
0.78 (-0.05 to 1.61)
0.06
Arachidonic acid
Reference 1.85 (-0.51 to 4.22)
0.12
1.43 (-1.13 to 3.99)
0.27
0.25
-0.01 (-0.61 to 0.59)
0.97
Peripheral DBP
Reference 1.08 (-0.89 to 3.05)
0.28
1.38 (-0.56 to 3.33)
0.16
0.17
0.08 (-0.16 to 0.31)
0.53
Total n-6 PUFAs
Linoleic acid
Reference 1.01 (-0.89 to 2.91)
0.29
-0.01 (-2.01 to 1.99)
0.99
0.97
-0.02 (-0.25 to 0.22)
0.89
Dihomo-ƴ-linolenic acid Reference
2.67 (0.59 to 4.74)
0.01
1.52 (-0.52 to 3.56)
0.14
0.22
-0.01 (-0.68 to 0.67)
0.98
Arachidonic acid
Reference
2.23 (0.32 to 4.15)
0.02
1.83 (-0.24 to 3.90)
0.08
0.07
0.30 (-0.19 to 0.79)
0.23
Central SBP
Reference 0.25 (-2.02 to 2.52)
0.83
1.29 (-0.96 to 3.54)
0.26
0.25
0.19 (-0.08 to 0.47)
0.16
Total n-6 PUFAs
Linoleic acid
Reference 1.49 (-0.69 to 3.67)
0.18
-0.64 (-2.93 to 1.66)
0.59
0.63
0.04 (-0.24 to 0.31)
0.79
Dihomo-ƴ-linolenic acid Reference
3.82 (1.45 to 6.19)
0.002
3.36 (1.03 to 5.69)
0.005
0.01
0.62 (-0.16 to 1.39)
0.12
Arachidonic acid
Reference
2.80 (0.60 to 4.99)
0.01
2.29 (-0.09 to 4.68)
0.06
0.05
0.28 (-0.28 to 0.84)
0.32
Central PP
Reference -0.83 (-2.40 to 0.74)
0.29
-0.09 (-1.64 to 1.45)
0.90
0.97
0.12 (-0.07 to 0.31)
0.21
Total n-6 PUFAs
Linoleic acid
Reference 0.47 (-1.04 to 1.98)
0.54
-0.63 (-2.22 to 0.96)
0.44
0.46
0.05 (-0.14 to 0.24)
0.58
Dihomo-ƴ-linolenic acid Reference 1.15 (-0.50 to 2.79)
0.17
1.84 (0.22 to 3.47)
0.03
0.03
0.63 (0.09 to 1.16)
0.02
Arachidonic acid
Reference 0.56 (-0.96 to 2.09)
0.47
0.46 (-1.19 to 2.12)
0.59
0.57
-0.02 (-0.40 to 0.37)
0.93
CI= confidence interval, PC= phosphatidylcholine, PUFAs= polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFAs= monounsaturated fatty acids, SBP= systolic
blood pressure, DBP= diastolic blood pressure, PP= pulse pressure.
Subgroup analysis was performed in 383 women without fish oil supplementation. Results were derived from multiple linear regression with
adjustment for maternal age, ethnicity, education, exercise, alcohol intake, smoking status, BMI and height at the 26th to the 28th week of gestation,
gestational diabetes and heart rate.
Page 9 of 15
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian
Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
Supplemental Table 7. Association Between Maternal Plasma PC n-3 PUFA and Blood Pressures at the 26th to the 28th Week of Gestation:
Stratified by Ethnicity
Blood Pressure Outcomes
Fatty
Maternal
1st
2nd Tertile
3rd Tertile
per 1% Increase
Acids (%) Ethnicity
Tertile
P
P
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
P
β
(95%
CI)
P
(Trend)
(Interaction)
Peripheral SBP
0.02
-0.66 (-1.17 to -0.15)
0.01
Chinese Reference -3.84 (-6.35 to -1.34) 0.003 -3.15 (-5.53 to -0.77) 0.01
Total n-3
Reference 0.07 (-2.98 to 3.12)
0.96 -0.43 (-4.03 to 3.16) 0.81
0.83
0.21 (-0.60 to 1.01)
0.61
0.06
Malay
PUFAs
Reference -4.46 (-8.21 to -0.71) 0.02 -3.44 (-7.68 to 0.80) 0.11
0.07
-0.85 (-1.76 to 0.06)
0.07
Indian
Reference
1.60
(-0.87
to
4.07)
0.20
-0.44
(-2.81
to
1.92)
0.71
0.69
-1.63
(-9.13
to
5.86)
0.67
Chinese
α-linolenic
Reference 1.96 (-1.25 to 5.18)
0.23
2.29 (-1.24 to 5.84)
0.20
0.18
3.64 (-7.07 to 14.35)
0.50
0.69
Malay
acid
Reference 1.74 (-2.34 to 5.83)
0.40 -1.03 (-5.10 to 3.03) 0.62
0.54
-0.22 (-10.68 to 10.25)
0.97
Indian
0.004
-0.65 (-1.18 to -0.13)
0.02
Chinese Reference -3.29 (-5.78 to -0.80) 0.01 -3.62 (-5.99 to -1.25) 0.003
Long
chain n-3 Malay
Reference 0.72 (-2.33 to 3.77)
0.64
1.50 (-2.11 to 5.08)
0.42
0.41
0.20 (-0.65 to 1.05)
0.64
0.07
PUFAs
Reference -4.29 (-8.19 to -0.39) 0.03 -2.49 (-6.67 to 1.69) 0.24
0.18
-0.90 (-1.85 to 0.05)
0.06
Indian
0.03
-1.84 (-3.38 to -0.31)
0.02
Chinese Reference -1.80 (-4.32 to 0.72) 0.16 -2.69 (-5.1 to -0.28) 0.03
n-3/n-6
Reference
-0.94
(-3.98
to
2.11)
0.55
-0.54
(-4.09
to
3.02)
0.77
0.71
0.57
(-1.72
to
2.86)
0.62
0.02
Malay
ratio*
Reference -3.10 (-7.09 to 0.89) 0.13 -4.76 (-8.93 to -0.60) 0.03
0.02
-3.45 (-6.17 to -0.82)
0.01
Indian
Peripheral DBP
0.18
-0.27 (-0.67 to 0.12)
0.17
Chinese Reference -2.00 (-3.94 to -0.06) 0.04 -1.36 (-3.20 to 0.48) 0.15
Total n-3
Reference 0.97 (-1.33 to 3.26)
0.41
1.02 (-1.68 to 3.73)
0.46
0.41
0.51 (-0.10 to 1.11)
0.10
0.03
Malay
PUFAs
Reference -1.56 (-4.54 to 1.42) 0.30 -1.34 (-4.71 to 2.03) 0.43
0.38
-0.39 (-1.11 to 0.33)
0.28
Indian
0.10 -0.70 (-2.51 to 1.11) 0.45
0.42
-3.75 (-9.49 to 2.00)
0.20
Chinese Reference 1.59 (-0.30 to 3.48)
αlinolenic
Reference
-0.29
(-2.71
to
2.14)
0.82
1.44
(-1.24
to
4.11)
0.29
0.33
3.99
(-4.08
to
12.06)
0.33
0.19
Malay
acid
Reference 0.53 (-2.68 to 3.74)
0.74 -0.22 (-3.41 to 2.97) 0.89
0.86
0.14 (-8.01 to 8.29)
0.97
Indian
0.11
-0.26 (-0.66 to 0.15)
0.22
Chinese Reference -1.60 (-3.53 to 0.33) 0.10 -1.58 (-3.41 to 0.26) 0.09
Long
chain n-3 Malay
Reference 0.56 (-1.73 to 2.85)
0.63
2.42 (-0.27 to 5.12)
0.08
0.09
0.51 (-0.13 to 1.14)
0.12
0.04
PUFAs
Reference -1.80 (-4.89 to 1.28) 0.25 -1.14 (-4.44 to 2.17) 0.50
0.44
-0.41 (-1.15 to 0.34)
0.28
Indian
Page 10 of 15
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian
Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
n-3/n-6
ratio*
Chinese
Malay
Indian
Reference
Reference
Reference
-1.06 (-3.00 to 0.88)
-0.09 (-2.39 to 2.21)
-2.31 (-5.44 to 0.81)
0.29
0.94
0.15
-0.99 (-2.85 to 0.87)
0.92 (-1.77 to 3.60)
-3.16 (-6.42 to 0.10)
0.30
0.50
0.06
0.32
0.55
0.05
-0.54 (-1.73 to 0.64)
1.42 (-0.29 to 3.14)
-1.82 (-3.94 to 0.29)
0.37
0.10
0.09
Chinese
Malay
Indian
Chinese
Malay
Indian
Chinese
Malay
Indian
Chinese
Malay
Indian
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
-2.79 (-5.12 to -0.46)
1.05 (-1.76 to 3.87)
-3.76 (-7.22 to -0.29)
1.53 (-0.75 to 3.82)
1.67 (-1.30 to 4.64)
1.65 (-2.10 to 5.4)
-2.44 (-4.76 to -0.12)
1.12 (-1.69 to 3.93)
-3.77 (-7.36 to -0.17)
-1.04 (-3.38 to 1.30)
0.06 (-2.76 to 2.88)
-2.61 (-6.30 to 1.07)
0.02
0.46
0.03
0.19
0.27
0.39
0.04
0.43
0.04
0.38
0.97
0.16
-2.56 (-4.78 to -0.35)
0.38 (-2.93 to 3.70)
-2.99 (-6.90 to 0.93)
-1.10 (-3.29 to 1.09)
1.89 (-1.39 to 5.16)
-1.33 (-5.06 to 2.39)
-2.85 (-5.06 to -0.64)
2.52 (-0.78 to 5.82)
-2.20 (-6.05 to 1.66)
-2.01 (-4.25 to 0.23)
0.62 (-2.66 to 3.91)
-4.00 (-7.85 to -0.15)
0.02
0.82
0.13
0.32
0.26
0.48
0.01
0.13
0.26
0.08
0.71
0.04
0.03
0.74
0.09
0.31
0.24
0.41
0.01
0.13
0.20
0.08
0.73
0.04
-0.49 (-0.97 to -0.02)
0.46 (-0.28 to 1.2)
-0.67 (-1.51 to 0.17)
-3.63 (-10.57 to 3.31)
3.67 (-6.22 to 13.56)
-0.49 (-10.12 to 9.14)
-0.46 (-0.95 to 0.04)
0.47 (-0.31 to 1.25)
-0.72 (-1.60 to 0.16)
-1.36 (-2.79 to 0.06)
1.14 (-0.97 to 3.25)
-2.57 (-5.06 to -0.08)
0.04
0.23
0.12
0.30
0.47
0.92
0.07
0.23
0.11
0.06
0.29
0.04
0.03
Central SBP
Total n-3
PUFAs
αlinolenic
acid
Long
chain n-3
PUFAs
n-3/n-6
ratio*
0.02
0.42
0.03
0.02
Central PP
Chinese Reference -0.79 (-2.35 to 0.76) 0.32 -1.20 (-2.68 to 0.28) 0.11
0.11
-0.22 (-0.54 to 0.09)
0.17
Malay
Reference 0.09 (-1.79 to 1.96)
0.93 -0.64 (-2.85 to 1.57) 0.57
0.61
-0.05 (-0.55 to 0.45)
0.84
Reference -2.20 (-5.13 to 0.73) 0.14 -1.65 (-4.96 to 1.67) 0.33
0.27
-0.28 (-0.99 to 0.43)
0.43
Indian
0.59
0.11 (-4.49 to 4.72)
0.96
Chinese Reference -0.06 (-1.58 to 1.47) 0.94 -0.40 (-1.86 to 1.06) 0.59
α-linolenic
Malay
Reference 1.96 (-0.01 to 3.92)
0.05
0.45 (-1.72 to 2.62)
0.68
0.56
-0.32 (-6.92 to 6.28)
0.92
acid
Indian
Reference 1.12 (-2.03 to 4.27)
0.48 -1.11 (-4.24 to 2.02) 0.48
0.42
-0.63 (-8.70 to 7.44)
0.88
Chinese Reference -0.84 (-2.39 to 0.70) 0.28 -1.27 (-2.75 to 0.20) 0.09
0.09
-0.20 (-0.53 to 0.13)
0.23
Long
chain n-3 Malay
Reference 0.56 (-1.32 to 2.44)
0.56
0.10 (-2.12 to 2.31)
0.93
0.87
-0.04 (-0.56 to 0.49)
0.89
PUFAs
Indian
Reference -1.96 (-5.01 to 1.09) 0.21 -1.06 (-4.33 to 2.21) 0.52
0.45
-0.31 (-1.05 to 0.43)
0.41
Chinese Reference 0.02 (-1.53 to 1.57)
0.98 -1.02 (-2.51 to 0.46) 0.18
0.15
-0.82 (-1.76 to 0.12)
0.09
n-3/n-6
Malay
Reference 0.16 (-1.72 to 2.03)
0.87 -0.29 (-2.48 to 1.90) 0.79
0.83
-0.28 (-1.69 to 1.13)
0.69
ratio*
Indian
Reference -0.30 (-3.45 to 2.85) 0.85 -0.84 (-4.13 to 2.44) 0.61
0.62
-0.74 (-2.86 to 1.37)
0.49
CI= confidence interval, PC= phosphatidylcholine, PUFAs= polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFAs= monounsaturated fatty acids, SBP=
systolic blood pressure, DBP= diastolic blood pressure, PP= pulse pressure.
Total n-3
PUFAs
*The values were β (95% CI) for blood pressures in 0.1-unit increase of the n-3/n-6 ratio.
Page 11 of 15
0.67
0.91
0.70
0.66
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian
Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
Results were derived from multiple linear regression with adjustment for maternal age, education, exercise, alcohol intake, smoking status,
BMI and height at the 26th to the 28th week of gestation, gestational diabetes, heart rate and fish oil supplementation. Study sample
comprised of 404 Chinese, 217 Malay and 130 Indian women
Page 12 of 15
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian
Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
Supplemental Table 8. Association Between Maternal Plasma PC n-6 PUFAs and Blood Pressures at the 26th to the 28th Week of
Gestation: Stratified by Ethnicity
Blood Pressure Outcomes
Fatty Acids Maternal
1st
2nd Tertile
3rd Tertile
per 1% Increase
(%)
Ethnicity
Tertile
P
P
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
P
β (95% CI)
P
Trend
Interaction
Peripheral SBP
Chinese Reference -0.68 (-3.03 to 1.68) 0.57
1.22 (-1.26 to 3.70) 0.33
0.36
0.11 (-0.21 to 0.44)
0.49
Total n-6
Malay
Reference -3.09 (-6.28 to 0.09) 0.06
0.41 (-3.01 to 3.83) 0.81
0.79
0.13 (-0.30 to 0.57)
0.55
0.14
PUFAs
Reference
3.73
(-0.62
to
8.09)
0.09
5.33
(1.24
to
9.42)
0.01
0.01
0.52
(0.09
to
0.95)
0.02
Indian
1.34 (-1.06 to 3.75) 0.27
0.27
0.04 (-0.26 to 0.35)
0.78
Chinese Reference 1.45 (-0.92 to 3.83) 0.23
Linoleic
Reference -0.82 (-4.33 to 2.68) 0.64
0.24 (-3.05 to 3.54) 0.88
0.83
0.11 (-0.29 to 0.50)
0.59
0.02
Malay
acid
Reference 4.49 (1.03 to 7.94)
0.01 6.27 (2.04 to 10.51) 0.004 0.002
0.77 (0.27 to 1.27)
0.003
Indian
0.03
1.63 (-0.88 to 4.16) 0.20
0.14
0.47 (-0.41 to 1.33)
0.30
Dihomo-ƴ- Chinese Reference 2.63 (0.33 to 4.93)
linolenic
Reference 1.73 (-1.76 to 5.23) 0.33
2.53 (-0.95 to 6.00) 0.15
0.16
0.83 (-0.36 to 2.02)
0.17
0.97
Malay
acid
Reference 1.26 (-3.90 to 6.41) 0.63
2.99 (-1.65 to 7.63) 0.21
0.16
0.35 (-0.92 to 1.61)
0.59
Indian
0.97 (-1.55 to 3.48) 0.45
0.44
-0.05 (-0.70 to 0.60)
0.88
Chinese Reference 1.17 (-1.17 to 3.51) 0.33
Arachidonic
Reference
-0.70
(-3.72
to
2.33)
0.65
-2.96
(-6.74
to
0.83)
0.13
0.15
-0.54
(-1.49
to
0.42)
0.27
0.71
Malay
acid
Reference -1.15 (-6.50 to 4.20) 0.67
0.04 (-4.52 to 4.59) 0.99
0.84
-0.24 (-1.06 to 0.58)
0.56
Indian
Peripheral DBP
0.87
-0.06 (-0.32 to 0.19)
0.61
Chinese Reference -0.42 (-2.23 to 1.39) 0.65 -0.13 (-2.04 to 1.78) 0.89
Total n-6
Reference -0.56 (-2.98 to 1.87) 0.65
1.28 (-1.33 to 3.88) 0.34
0.33
0.07 (-0.26 to 0.40)
0.68
0.05
Malay
PUFAs
Reference
2.22
(-1.20
to
5.64)
0.20
3.52
(0.31
to
6.73)
0.03
0.03
0.37
(0.03
to
0.71)
0.03
Indian
0.10 (-1.75 to 1.96) 0.91
0.91
-0.07 (-0.30 to 0.16)
0.56
Chinese Reference 0.06 (-1.77 to 1.89) 0.95
Linoleic
Reference 1.42 (-1.21 to 4.05) 0.29 -0.09 (-2.56 to 2.38) 0.94
0.84
0.06 (-0.24 to 0.36)
0.68
0.13
Malay
acid
Reference 1.81 (-0.96 to 4.59) 0.19
2.73 (-0.68 to 6.14) 0.12
0.09
0.31 (-0.09 to 0.71)
0.13
Indian
0.18
0.22 (-0.45 to 0.89)
0.51
Dihomo-ƴ- Chinese Reference 1.66 (-0.11 to 3.43) 0.07 1.16 (-0.78 to 3.10) 0.24
linolenic
Reference 0.76 (-1.88 to 3.41) 0.57
1.32 (-1.31 to 3.95) 0.32
0.32
0.17 (-0.74 to 1.07)
0.72
0.49
Malay
acid
Reference 2.44 (-1.55 to 6.43) 0.23
3.37 (-0.22 to 6.97) 0.07
0.07
0.60 (-0.38 to 1.58)
0.23
Indian
0.02 (-1.90 to 1.94) 0.98
0.95
-0.15 (-0.65 to 0.35)
0.55
Arachidonic Chinese Reference 1.54 (-0.25 to 3.33) 0.09
0.60
acid
Reference
0.02
(-2.27
to
2.32)
0.98
-0.87
(-3.74
to
2.01)
0.55
0.61
-0.19
(-0.92
to
0.53)
0.60
Malay
Page 13 of 15
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian
Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
Indian
Reference
2.21 (-1.94 to 6.36)
0.29
1.96 (-1.58 to 5.49)
0.28
0.37
0.27 (-0.36 to 0.91)
0.40
Central SBP
0.58 (-1.72 to 2.88) 0.62
0.66
0.05 (-0.25 to 0.36)
0.73
Chinese Reference -0.70 (-2.89 to 1.48) 0.53
Reference -2.34 (-5.30 to 0.61) 0.12
0.67 (-2.50 to 3.84) 0.68
0.66
0.17 (-0.24 to 0.57)
0.42
Malay
Reference 1.37 (-2.70 to 5.44) 0.51
3.21 (-0.61 to 7.03) 0.10
0.09
0.30 (-0.10 to 0.70)
0.14
Indian
0.44 (-1.79 to 2.67) 0.69
0.69
-0.02 (-0.30 to 0.26)
0.89
Chinese Reference 1.21 (-0.99 to 3.42) 0.28
Linoleic
Reference
-0.17
(-3.40
to
3.06)
0.92
-0.43
(-3.46
to
2.61)
0.78
0.78
0.08
(-0.29
to
0.45)
0.68
Malay
acid
Reference 3.87 (0.64 to 7.09)
0.02
3.97 (0.01 to 7.93)
0.05
0.02
0.39 (-0.08 to 0.87)
0.10
Indian
0.10
0.40 (-0.40 to 1.21)
0.33
Dihomo-ƴ- Chinese Reference 2.11 (-0.02 to 4.25) 0.05 1.79 (-0.55 to 4.13) 0.13
Reference 1.19 (-2.04 to 4.41) 0.47
2.50 (-0.70 to 5.71) 0.13
0.12
0.79 (-0.31 to 1.89)
0.16
linolenic
Malay
acid
Reference 2.41 (-2.32 to 7.14) 0.32
3.48 (-0.78 to 7.74) 0.11
0.12
0.37 (-0.79 to 1.54)
0.53
Indian
0.83 (-1.49 to 3.16) 0.48
0.47
0.03 (-0.57 to 0.63)
0.93
Chinese Reference 1.56 (-0.60 to 3.72) 0.16
Arachidonic
Reference -0.13 (-2.93 to 2.68) 0.93 -1.37 (-4.88 to 2.15) 0.44
0.50
-0.19 (-1.07 to 0.70)
0.68
Malay
acid
Indian
Reference -0.19 (-5.12 to 4.74) 0.94
0.36 (-3.83 to 4.56) 0.86
0.81
-0.11 (-0.86 to 0.65)
0.78
Central PP
0.71 (-0.81 to 2.24) 0.36
0.39
0.12 (-0.08 to 0.32)
0.25
Chinese Reference -0.28 (-1.73 to 1.16) 0.70
Total n-6
Reference
-1.79
(-3.76
to
0.19)
0.08
-0.61
(-2.73
to
1.51)
0.57
0.59
0.10
(-0.17
to
0.37)
0.48
Malay
PUFAs
Reference -0.84 (-4.30 to 2.61) 0.63 -0.31 (-3.55 to 2.94) 0.85
0.93
-0.07 (-0.41 to 0.27)
0.69
Indian
0.34 (-1.14 to 1.81) 0.65
0.64
0.05 (-0.14 to 0.24)
0.59
Chinese Reference 1.14 (-0.31 to 2.61) 0.12
Linoleic
Reference -1.59 (-3.74 to 0.55) 0.14 -0.34 (-2.34 to 1.67) 0.74
0.86
0.01 (-0.23 to 0.26)
0.91
Malay
acid
Reference 2.05 (-0.71 to 4.81) 0.14
1.24 (-2.14 to 4.62) 0.47
0.33
0.08 (-0.32 to 0.49)
0.68
Indian
0.41
0.18 (-0.36 to 0.71)
0.51
Dihomo-ƴ- Chinese Reference 0.45 (-0.97 to 1.87) 0.53 0.63 (-0.93 to 2.19) 0.43
Reference 0.43 (-1.73 to 2.58) 0.70
1.18 (-0.96 to 3.33) 0.28
0.27
0.62 (-0.11 to 1.35)
0.09
linolenic
Malay
acid
Reference -0.03 (-4.04 to 3.98) 0.99
0.10 (-3.51 to 3.71) 0.96
0.94
-0.23 (-1.21 to 0.75)
0.64
Indian
Reference
0.02
(-1.41
to
1.46)
0.98
0.81
(-0.73
to
2.35)
0.30
0.31
0.18
(-0.22
to
0.58)
0.38
Chinese
Arachidonic
Reference -0.15 (-2.02 to 1.72) 0.87 -0.50 (-2.84 to 1.85) 0.68
0.69
0.01 (-0.58 to 0.60)
0.98
Malay
acid
Reference -2.39 (-6.50 to 1.71) 0.25 -1.59 (-5.09 to 1.90) 0.37
0.54
-0.38 (-1.01 to 0.25)
0.23
Indian
CI= confidence interval, PC= phosphatidylcholine, PUFAs= polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFAs= monounsaturated fatty acids, SBP=
systolic blood pressure, DBP= diastolic blood pressure, PP= pulse pressure.
Total n-6
PUFAs
Page 14 of 15
0.26
0.11
0.99
0.93
0.83
0.79
0.29
0.42
Relations of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Blood Pressures During the 26th and 28th Week of Gestation in Women of Chinese, Malay and Indian
Ethnicity (W-Y Lim, et al.)
Results were derived from multiple linear regression with adjustment for maternal age, education, exercise, alcohol intake, smoking status,
BMI and height at the 26th to the 28th week of gestation, gestational diabetes, heart rate and fish oil supplementation. Study sample
comprised of 404 Chinese, 217 Malay and 130 Indian women.
Page 15 of 15