ACTION
he process of doing something, especially when
dealing with a problem or difficulty
 This problem calls for swift/prompt action from
the government

ALGEBRA

a part of mathematics in which signs and
letters represent numbers
ARMY
a particular country's fighting force
 When did you join the army

ATOM


the smallest unit of any chemical element, consisting of a
positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons. Atoms
can combine to form a molecule
A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) has one carbon atom
and two oxygen atoms.
AUDIENCE
the group of people together in one place to
watch or listen to a play, film, someone
speaking, etc.
 She lectures to audiences all over the world.

BALANCE


a state where things are of equal weight or force;
equilibrium
The toddler wobbled and lost his balance (= started to
fall sideways
BATTLE
a fight between armed forces
 the Battle of the Somme

BLIND
unable to see
 She's been blind since birth

BREADTH
the air that goes into and out of your lungs
 Her breath smelled of garlic.

CAPTAIN
the person in charge of a ship or an aircraft, or
the leader of a sports team
 This is your captain speaking. We expect to be
landing at London Heathrow in an hour's time.

CHIEF
most important or main
 The chief problem we have in the area now is
the spread of disease

CHLOROPLAST


one of the parts in a plant cell that contain chlorophyll and
where the energy from sunlight is turned into food by
photosynthesis
CHROMOSOME
any of the rod-like structures found in all living
cells, containing the chemical patterns which
control what an animal or plant is like
 X and Y chromosomes

CIRCLE


a continuous curved line, the points of which are always
the same distance away from a fixed central point, or
the area inside such a line
Coloured paper was cut into circles, squares and
triangles.
CRACK
to break something so that it does not separate,
but very thin lines appear on its surface, or to
become broken in this way
 A stone hit the window and cracked the glass

CURVE
a line which bends continuously and has no
straight parts
 a curve in the road

CYTOPLASM

one of the parts in a plant cell that contain
chlorophyll and where the energy from sunlight
is turned into food by photosynthesis
DIMENSION
a measurement of something in a particular
direction, especially its height, length or width
 Please specify the dimensions (= the height,
length and width) of the room.

DIRECTED


going in a straight line towards somewhere or someone
without stopping or changing direction
a direct route/line
DISTRICT


an area of a country or town which has fixed borders
that are used for official purposes, or which has a
particular feature that makes it different from
surrounding areas
South Cambridgeshire District Council
DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid: the chemical at the
centre of the cells of living things, which
controls the structure and purpose of each cell
and carries the genetic information during
reproduction
DOZEN
twelve
 a dozen eggs

DUST
dry dirt in the form of powder that covers
surfaces inside a building, or very small dry
pieces of soil, sand or other substances
 The furniture was covered in dust and cobwebs.

ENEMY
a person who hates or opposes another person
and tries to harm them or stop them from doing
something
 He's made a few enemies in this company

ESSENTIAL



necessary; needed
Government support will be essential if the project is to
succeed.
There is essential work to be done before the building can be
re-occupied.
EXCELLENT
extremely good
 The food was excellent

FOGGY
with fog
 a cold, foggy day

FORCE


physical, especially violent, strength or power
The force of the wind had brought down a great many trees in the
area
FRAME
a border which surrounds and supports a
picture, door or window
 a picture frame

GAS
a substance in a form like air that is neither
solid nor liquid
 Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen are all gases

HEIGHT


the distance from the top to the bottom of something, or the quality of being tall
The sheer height of New York's skyscrapers is so impressive
HISTORY
the study of or a record of) past events
considered together, especially events of a
particular period, country or subject
 I studied modern European history at college.

HUMAN
a man, woman or child
 The greatest damage being done to our planet
today is that being done by humans.

INDUSTRY


the companies and activities involved in the process of producing
goods for sale, especially in a factory or special area
trade and industry
INTERSECTION


when two lines cross, or the point where this happens
The intersection of the lines on the graph marks the point where we start to make a
INTRODUCE
to put something into use, operation or a place
for the first time
 The smaller 10 pence coin was introduced in
1992.

KNEE
the middle joint of the leg, which allows it to
bend
 The baby was crawling around on its hands and
knees

LABEL
a piece of paper or other material which gives
you information about the object it is fixed to
 Remember to put some address labels on the
suitcases

LAND
a country
 a land of ice and snow

LAW
rule, usually made by a government, that is
used to order the way in which a society
behaves, or the whole system of such rules
 There are laws against drinking in the street

LEAD
to control a group of people, a country, or a
situation
 I think we've chosen the right person to lead
the expedition

LENGHT
the measurement of something from end to
end or along its longest side
 The boat is ten metres in length

MASTER
a person who has control over or responsibility
for someone or something, or who is the most
important or influential (= having most
influence) person in a situation or organization
 a slave and his master

MATERIAL
physical substance which things can be made
from
 building materials, such as stone

MEASURE
to discover the exact size or amount of something,
or to be of a particular size
 "Will the table fit in here?" "I don't know - let's
measure it

MEMBER
a person, animal or thing which is part of a group
 a family member

MICROSCOPE
a device that uses lenses to make very small
objects look larger, so that they can be
scientifically examined and studied
 They looked at the blood samples under the
microscope

MIND
the part of a person that makes it possible for a
person to think, feel emotions and understand
things
 Her mind was full of what had happened the night
before, and she just wasn't concentrating.

MYSTERY
something strange or not known which has not yet
been explained or understood
 How the massive stones were brought here from
hundreds of miles away is/remains a mystery.

NATION


a country, especially when thought of as a large group of people living
in one area with their own government, language, traditions, etc
All the nations of the world will be represented at the conference
NATIVE
relating to or describing someone's country or
place of birth or someone who was born in a
particular country or place
 She returned to live and work in her native Japan

NEİGHBOURHOOD
someone who lives very near to you
 Some of the neighbours have complained about
the noise from our party.

NERVE

group of long thin fibres (= structures like
threads) that carry information or instructions
between the brain and other parts of the
NUCLEUS
the part of a cell that controls its growth
 DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell

PALE
describes someone's face or skin if it has less
colour than usual, for example when they are ill
or frightened, or if it has less colour than
people generally have
 You're looking pale - do you feel ill

PARENTHESIS
a remark which is added to a sentence, often to provide an
explanation or extra information, and which is separated
from the main part of the sentence by commas, brackets or
dashes
PHYSICAL
connected with the body
 physical exercise/fitness/strength/disabilities

POINT
an idea, opinion or piece of information that is
said or written
 I'd like to discuss the first point in your essay.

POPULATION
all the people living in a particular country, area
or place
 Ten per cent of the population lived in poverty.

PRESIDENT
the person who has the highest political position in
a country which is a republic and who, in some of
these countries, is the leader of the government
 President Kennedy

PRODUCT
something that is made to be sold, usually
something that is produced by an industrial
process or, less commonly, something that is
grown or obtained through farming
 They do a range of skin-care products

PROPER
belonging to the main, most important or
typical part
 It's a suburb of Manchester really - I wouldn't
call it Manchester proper.

QUANTITY
the amount or number of something, especially
that can be measured or is fixed
 Police found a large/small quantity of drugs in
his possession

RACE
competition in which all the competitors try to
be the fastest and to finish first
 Do you know who won/lost the race

REALIZE
to understand a situation, sometimes suddenly
 They didn't realize the danger they were in.

RECLANGLE

a flat shape with four 90° angles and four
sides, with opposite sides of equal length
REFUSE
to say that you will not do or accept something
 He asked me to give him another loan, but I
refused

REGULAR
D:HAPPENING OR DOING SOMETHING OFTEN/
E:TOP FOOTBALLERS MAKE REGULAR
APPEARANCES ON TV
SCALE
a set of numbers, amounts etc., used to
measure or compare the level of something
 the Centigrade/Fahrenheit scale

SCREEN
a flat surface in a cinema, on a television or a
computer system on which pictures or words
are shown
 Our television has a 19-inch screen.

SIGNAL
an action, movement or sound which gives
information, a message, a warning or an order
 When she gave (them) the signal, they all cheered

SIZE
one of the standard measures according to
which goods are made or sold
 a size 14 dress

SKETCH
simple, quickly-made drawing which does not have
many details
 My mother made a (pencil) sketch of my brother
reading a book

SOCIETY


a large group of people who live together in an organized
way, making decisions about how to do things and
sharing the work that needs to be done. All the people in
a country, or in several similar countries, can be referred
to as a society
a classless/multicultural/capitalist/civilized society
SOLDIER
a person who is in an army and wears its uniform,
especially someone who fights when there is a war
 Soldiers were patrolling the streets

SOLID
hard or firm, keeping a clear shape
 solid ground

SOLUTION
the answer to a problem
 There's no easy solution to this problem.

SOUL


the spiritual part of a person which some people believe
continues to exist in some form after their body has died, or
the part of a person which is not physical and experiences
deep feelings and emotions
She suffered greatly while she was alive, so let us hope her
soul is now at peace.
SPECIMEN
something shown or examined as an example;
a typical example
 He has a collection of rare insect specimens.

STAFF
the group of people who work for an organization
 There is a good relationship between staff and
pupils at the school

STAGE
the area in a theatre which is often raised
above ground level and on which actors or
entertainers perform
 Hamlet is on stage for most of the act

STAIN
to leave a mark on something which is difficult
to remove
 Tomato sauce stains terribly - it's really difficult
to get it out of clothes

STARCH
a white substance which exists in large
amounts in potatoes and particular grains such
as rice
 Corn starch is used as a thickener in stews

STORE
large shop where you can buy many different
types of goods
 a department store

SWEEP
to clean especially a floor by using a brush to
collect the dirt into one place from which it can
be removed
 sweep the floor

TAX
to make someone pay a tax
 Husbands and wives may be taxed
independently/together

TEMPERATURE
the measured amount of heat in a place or in the
body
 Preheat the oven to a temperature of 200 degrees
Celsius.

TIME
that part of existence which is measured in
seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months,
years, etc., or this process considered as a
whole
 He wants to spend more time with his family.

TITLE
the name of a film, book, painting, piece of
music, etc
 The title of Evelyn Waugh's first novel was
'Decline and Fall'

TRANSPORT
when people or goods are moved from one
place to another
 the transport of live animals

TRIAL
the hearing of statements and showing of objects,
etc. in a court of law to judge whether a person is
guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal
matter
 trial proceedings

VEHICLE


a machine usually with wheels and an engine, which is
used for transporting people or goods on land,
especially on roads
A truck driver died last night when his vehicle
overturned
VOLUME
the amount of space that is contained within
an object or solid shape
 Which of these bottles do you think has the
greater volume

WATERPROOF
not allowing water to go through
 Canvas boots are all right but they're not as
waterproof as leather

WAVE
to raise your hand and move it from side to side as
a way of greeting someone, telling them to do
something or adding emphasis to an expression
 I waved to/at him from the window but he didn't
see me.

WEAPON
any object used in fighting or war, such as a
gun, bomb, sword, etc
 a lethal weapon

WEIGHT
the amount that something or someone weighs
 What weight can this lorry safely carry?

WIDTH
the distance across something from one side to
the other
 It is 5 metres in width

WINE
an alcoholic drink which is usually made from
grapes, but can also be made from other fruits or
flowers. It is made by fermenting the fruit with
water and sugar
 a wine cellar/connoisseur/cooler/glass

YOUTH
the period of your life when you are young, or
the state of being young
 I was a fairly good football player in my youth.
