GastroIntestinal System
Chapter 7
1
Student Objectives
 Explain
the main functions of the
gastrointestinal system.
 Identify the main organs and accessory
organs.
 Explain the role of the liver and gallbladder
in digestion.
2
Student Objectives
 Identify
combining forms, suffixes, and
prefixes related to the GI system.
 Discuss pathology related to the GI system.
 Identify diagnostic, symptomatic, and
therapeutic terms related to the GI system.
 Identify abbreviations and pharmacology
related to the GI system.
3
Anatomy/Physiology
 Responsible
for the intake,
digestion of food,
absorption of nutrients,
and elimination of solid
waste.
 Alimentary Canal (GI
tract)
 Aliment/o - to nourish
4
Accessory Digestive Organs
 Teeth
 tongue
 salivary
glands
 liver
 gallbladder
 pancreas
5
Oral Cavity
 Mouth
(bucca, tongue)
• papillae
 Teech
•
•
•
•
mastication
dentin
pulp
gingiva
6
Teeth
 Maxillary
arch (upper)
 Mandibular arch (lower)
• anterior teeth for biting and tearing
• posterior teeth for chewing and grinding
 dent/i
- teeth
 decidu/o - shedding
 Primary - 20 teeth
 Permanent - 32 teeth
7
Oral Cavity
 Palate,
hard and soft
• bolus
 Pharynx
 Uvula
 Esophagus
 Epiglottis
8
Esophagus
 Gullet
 chyme
 cardiac,
or lower
esophageal or
gastroesophageal
sphincter
9
Stomach
 Body,
fundus
 pylorus
 rugae
 pyloric sphincter
Fundus
Body
10
Small Intestine
 small
bowel
 enter/o - small intestine
 villi
 Parts
• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum
 ileocecal
valve
11
Large Intestine
 Large
Bowel
 col/o or colon/o
 cecum
 vermiform appendix
12
 Colon
•
•
•
•
•
ascending
hepatic flexure
transverse
splenic flexure
descending
 Sigmoid
 Rectum
 Anus
13
Liver - hepat/o
 Functions
•
•
•
•
production of bile
glucose - glycogen
storage of vitamins, B12, A, D, E, K
erythrocytolysis (pigment released eliminated
in bile called bilirubin)
• bilirubin gives stool its characteristic dark color
• removes toxins from blood
• manufactures blood proteins
14
Pancreas
 internal
- endocrine function
• insulin
• glucogon
 external
- exocrine function
• amylase - carbohydrates
• trypsin, chymotrypsin - proteins
• lipase - fats
 enzymes
inactive until reach duodenum
15
Gallbladder
 pear-shaped
sac under the liver
 chol/e means bile or gall
 cyst/o means cyst or sac
 gallbladder contracts forcing bile out cystic
duct into common bile duct.
16
Bile
 bile
is a digestive juice- emulsifier acts on
fat in a way that lipid enzymes can digest
fat
 travels via hepatic duct to cystic duct to gall
bladder, where stored
 bile consists of water, bile salts, cholesterol,
and bilirubin (a colored substance resulting
from breakdown of hemoglobin)
 bilirubin gives bile yellow or orange color
17
Stomach during Digestion

Gastric juices
• HCL - activates
enzymes
• protease
• pepsin
• lipase

Chyme
18
Small Intestine during Digestion
digestion completed in
small intestine
 chyme mixed with bile
and pancreatic juices
 emulsification
 absorption

19
Large Intestine
receive fluid waste
products and store
until released from
body.
 excess water absorbed
 feces, stools
 defecation, or bowel
movement

20
Pathology - Ulcers
 Gastric
ulcers
 Peptic ulcers
 Ulcerative Colitis
21
Pathology - Hernias
 Diaphragmatic
 Hiatal,
Gastroesophageal
 Inguinal
 Umbilical
22
Bowel Obstructions
 Volvulus
• Ischemia
• Necrosis
• Peritonitis
 Intussusception
23
Hemorrhoids
 Internal
 External
 Hemorrhoidectomy
24
Liver Disorders
 Yellow
skin - jaundice, icterus
 Hepatitis
• Type A - fecal, oral
• Type B - parenteral, sexual, perinatal
• Type C - parenteral to blood, blood products
25
Diverticulosis
 Diverticulitis
 obstipation
 diverticulectomy
26
Oncology
 Neoplasn
•
•
•
•
from epithelial lining
gastric adenocarcinoma
esophageal carcinomas
hepatocellular carcinomas
pancreatic carcinomas
27
Diagnostic, Symptomatic,
Therapeutic Terms
 Aerophagia
 anorexia
 appendicitis
 ascites
 borborygmus
 bulimia
28
Diagnostic, Symptomatic,
Therapeutic Terms
 cachexia
 cholelithiasis
 cleft
palate
 Crohn’s disease
 cirrhosis
 colic
29
Diagnostic, Symptomatic,
Therapeutic Terms
 deglutition
 dysentery
 dysphagia
 eructation
 fecalith
 flatus
 gastroesophageal
reflux disease
30
Diagnostic, Symptomatic,
Therapeutic Terms
 Halitosis
 hematemesis
 irritable
bowel syndrome
 leukoplakia
 malabsorption syndrome
 melena
 obstipation
31
Diagnostic, Symptomatic,
Therapeutic Terms
 Peristalsis
 pyloric
stenosis
 regurgitation
 steatorrhea
 visceroptosis
32
Abbreviations
Ac
 bid
 hs
 NPO
 pc, pp
 PO
 PRN
 qam, qm

qd
 qh
 q2h
 qid
 qod
 qpm, qn
 stat
 tid

33
Diagnostic Abbreviations
ABC
 alk phos
 Ba
 BaE
 Dx
 EGD
 FBS

GB
 GTT
 IVCPUD
 SGOT
 UGI

34
Other Abbreviations
BM
 GERD
 GI
 HAV
 HBV
 IBS

IV
 LLQ
 LUQ
 PE
 PMH
 RUQ

35