The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism
Age of Exploration and Conquest
I. Causes of Exploration
a. Three G’s
b. Rise of Nation-States
c. Impact of Renaissance
d. Cartography Advances
e. Technological Advances
i. Instruments
ii. Ships
II. “Old Imperialism” in Africa and Asia
a. Characteristics
b. Portugal
c. Dutch Republic
III. Portugal
a. Motives for Exploration
b. Prince Henry the Navigator
c. Bartholomew Dias
d. Vasco da Gama
e. Amerigo Vespucci
f. Brazil
IV. France
V. England
The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism
Spanish Exploration
I. Explorers
a. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
i. Accomplishments
ii. Account of Bartholomew de las Casas (1476-1566)
iii. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
b. Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1475-1517)
c. Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)
d. Conquistadors
i. Hernan Cortes (1485-1547)
ii. Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541)
II. Empire
a. A “New” Imperialism?
b. Mercantilist Policies
c. Structure
d. Encomienda system
e. Mestizos and Creoles
The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism
The Commercial Revolution
I. Causes
a. Demographics
b. Political
c. Economic
II. Features
a. Banking and Stock Markets
b. The Hanseatic League
c. Corporations
d. Rural trends
e. New industries and consumer goods
f. Mercantilism
i. characteristics
ii. bullionism
III. Significance
a. Broad transitions
b. The Price Revolution
c. Rise of the Bourgeoisie
The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism
The Atlantic Economy
I. Slave Trade
a. Need for Africans
b. Different Destinations
c. Numbers
d. Middle Passage
II. The Columbian Exchange
a. Process
b. Disease
c. Diet
d. Animals
e. Precious Metals
III. Great Britain
a. Bank of England (1694) and Act of Union (1707)
b. Differences with French Mercantilism
i. Navigation Acts
c. Triangular Trade
IV. The Dutch Republic
a. “Golden Age of the Netherlands”
b. Anglo-Dutch Wars
c. Difference in Priorities
V. The Bubbles
a. South Sea Bubble (1720)
b. Mississippi Bubble (1720)
The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism
Philosophy of Absolutism + The Fall of Spain
I. Absolutism
A. Characteristics
B. Philosophy
i. Jean Bodin (1530-1596)
ii. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
x. Leviathan
iii. Bishop Jacques Bousset (1627-1704)
x. Divine Right
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II. Spanish Empire of 17 Century
A. The Golden Age of Spain – 16th Century
B. Decline of the Spanish Economy
C. Political and Military Decline
i. Spanish Armada
ii. Treaty of the Pyrenees
The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism
Development of French Absolutism
I. France in the 17th Century
a. Estate System
b. Population
II. Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) (r. 1589-1610)
a. General accomplishments
b. Weakening of the Nobility
c. Duke of Sully (1560-1641)
d. Assassination
III. Louis XIII (1610-1643)
a. Beginnings
b. Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)
i. intendant system
ii. relations with Huguenots
c. Thirty Years War
IV. Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)
a. the quintessential absolute ruler
b. The Fronde
i. Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)
c. Government Organization
i. corvee
d. Versailles Palace
e. Religious Policies
i. Edict of Fountainblieau
ii. Jansenists
f. Mercantilism
i. Jean Baptiste Colbert
g. Wars of Louis XIV
i. Overview
ii. War of Devolution (First Dutch War), 1667-68
iii. Second Dutch War (1672-78)
iv. War of the League of Augsburg (1688-97)
v. War of Spanish Succession (1701-13)
x. Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
vi. Costs of the Wars
The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism
Overview of Eastern Europe and the Condition of Serfdom
I. Overview of Eastern Europe
a. Aging Empires
i. Holy Roman Empire
ii. Ottoman Empire
x. Suleiman the Magnificent
xx. “Janissary corps”
iii. Poland
x. liberum veto
b. Differences with France
c. Threat of War
II. Serfdom in Europe
a. Economic Challenges
b. Consolidation
c. Eastern Europe, not Western Europe
III. The Hapsburg Empire (Austrian Empire)
a. Rise of Austria
i. Bohemia
ii. Austria proper
iii. Hungary
b. Government
c. Important Rulers
i. Ferdinand I
ii. Ferdinand II
iii. Leopold I
x. Siege of Vienna
IV. Charles VI
x. Pragmatic Sanction (1713)
IV. Prussia – the House of Hohenzollern
a. Background of Brandenburg
b. Frederick William – “The Great Elector” (r. 1640-1688)
i. Background
ii. Accomplishments
iii. Emphasis on Business and Trade
c. Frederick I (Elector Frederick III) “The Ostentatious” (r. 1688-1713)
i. Popularity
ii. Wars vs. Louis XIV
d. Frederick William I “Soldier’s King” (r. 1713-1740)
i. Militarist Policies
ii. Bureaucracy
The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism
Absolutism in Russia
I. Historical Background
II. Ivan III (Ivan The Great) (r. 1442-1505)
a. “Third Rome”
III. Ivan IV (Ivan The Terrible) (r. 1533-1584)
a. Territorial Expansion and Foreign Policy
b. Reduced Power of Boyars
c. Time of Troubles
IV. Romanov Dynasty
a. Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645)
b. Influx of Western society
V. Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)
a. Background
b. Military Policy
i. Great Northern War
c. Modernization and Westernization
d. Efficient government
i. Table of Ranks
e. St. Petersburg
The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism
English Constitutionalism, Part One
I. 17th Century English Society
a. Capitalism and Social Mobility
b. Gentry
i. House of Commons
c. Religion
II. Problems Facing English Monarchs
a. The Growth of Parliament
b. Issues Prior to Civil War
III. James I (r. 1603-1625)
a. Background
b. Divine Right
c. Dissolution of Parliament
IV. Charles I (r. 1625-1649)
a. Background
b. Tax Issues with Parliament
c. Petition of Right (1628)
i. Provisions
d. Dissolutions of Parliament
V. Short and Long Parliaments
a. Short Parliament (1640)
b. Long Parliament (1640-1648)
VI. English Civil War
a. Immediate Causes
b. Cavaliers vs. Roundheads
c. Rise of Oliver Cromwell
x. New Model Army
d. Death of Charles II
e. New Sects
The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism
English Constitutionalism, Part Two
I. Oliver Cromwell’s Interregnum (1649-1660)
a. The Commonwealth (1649-1653)
b. The Protectorate (1653-1659)
c. Cromwell’s Military Campaigns
i. Ireland and Scotland
ii. Regulation of Moral Life
d. Death of Cromwell
II. Charles II
a. Return of Charles II – the Restoration
b. Development of Political Parties
i. Tories
ii. Whigs
c. The Clarendon Code
i. Test Act of 1673
d. Habeas Corpus Act of 1679
i. Provisions
e. Scotland
f. Charles leans Catholic
g. Ascent of James II
i. Catholic Motivations
III. The Glorious Revolution
a. Motivations for Parliament’s Action
b. Abdication of James and Ascent of William and Mary
c. The Bill of Rights (1689)
i. Provisions
ii. Lack of Democratic Revolution
d. Toleration Act of 1689
e. Act of Settlement of 1701
f. Act of Union of 1707
IV. The Cabinet System of the 18th Century
a. Structure
b. Robert Walpole
c. The King’s Role
The Age of Expansion, Absolutism, and Constitutionalism
The Dutch Republic and Sweden
I. 17th Century – Golden Age of the Netherlands
a. Government Structure
b. Religious Toleration
c. Mercantile Policies
i. Dutch East India Company
d. Foreign Policy
II. Sweden