UNIT V-----PERSONALITY
 Personality refers to your characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and
acting.
 Motive---stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways
 designed to accomplish a specific goal. -- WHYS of behavior
Objectives and agenda 12/9
 Objectives
 Review the Stages of development
 Build an understanding of how needs and drive develop the idea of motivation
 List the different theories of motivation
 Agenda
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Work on vocabulary for chapters 11,12—adolescence and adulthood
Needs and drive
Video—127 Hours—list his psychological needs and biological needs
Theories of motivation notes.
What is a hero? Group work—list
Group—list the major ideas of childhood (10), adolescence (11), and adulthood (12)
HW—Review questions for chapter 11----Test on Development will be on Friday
Personality
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The Psychology of Motivation
 Needs
 Need—condition in which we require something we lack.
 Biological and psychological
 Achievement, self-esteem a sense of belonging and social approval---psychological
 Need for sleep, food, etc---biological---BASED UPON DEPRIVATION
Psychological needs are not necessarily based on deprivation.
 Psychological needs may be learned
 Drives
 Needs give rise to drives
 Drives—the forces that motivate an organism to take action
 Hunger, thirst both drives---the experience of the is psychological
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127 Hours
•Instinct / Evolutionary Perspective
•Drive Reduction
•Incentive
•Arousal Theory
•Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Objectives and agenda
 Objectives
 Review and be able to work with the theories of motivation
 Practice the “hunger” biological drive
 Review the different types of Achievement motivation
 Agenda
 Work on worksheet as a warm-up
 Notes (quiz) on theories of motivation
 Skit on hunger drive
 Achievement motivation notes
 Work on Study guide.----Review WIKI
Instinct
(Motivational Theory # 1)
 Refers to inherited patterns of
behavior that are unlearned
(genetically transmitted)
 Ex: Imprinting
Instinct
(Motivational Theory #1)
+ Provides survival value
–
Doesn’t meet the complexity
of most human behavior
Hero instinct
Instinct to Survive
Drive Reduction Theory
(Motivational Theory # 2)
 Drive Reduction Theory: idea that physiological
(biological) needs create drives which motivates an
organism to satisfy the need.
 Ex: Thirstiness (physiological need) creates tension
state (drive) which motivates you to get water.
 After you drink, the drive is reduced and you are closer to
homeostasis.
Incentive Theory
(Motivational Theory #3)
 Incentives Theory: a positive or negative
ENVIRONMENTAL (has to be external) stimulus motivates
behavior.
 Incentives are not “needs”.
 Ex: money, etc.
Contrasting
approaches
Drive reduction theory
Incentive theory
• 5 hours since last meal
• Ice cream truck
• Hunger
• Palatability (good tasting)
• internal
• external
Arousal Theory
(Motivational Theory #4)
 Based on 2 basic ideas:
 Individuals perform tasks at different levels of
arousal (wakefulness/stress).
 Each individual seeks to find its optimal level
of arousal to perform tasks and to avoid
boredom.
 People with high levels of optimal arousal
may be more susceptible to thrill seeking
activities while those with low levels may
seek out more relaxing quiet activities.
 We are motivated to do some things to
maintain our arousal.
Babies Explore
their
surroundings
out of curiosity.
Arousal Theory
(Motivational Theory #4)
Babies Illustrating Optimal Arousal
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
(Motivation Theory 5)
 Physical Needs at
bottom must be met
first.
 Psychological goals come
after…ultimate goal is
self actualization.
Quick Review: Why Do We Eat?
 Incentive Theory would argue:
 Drive Reduction Theory would argue:
 Optimal Arousal Theory would argue:
Activity--Biological Needs: focus on Hunger
The Hunger Drive—regulated by both biological and psychological factors.
 The role of the mouth
 The role of the stomach
The Hypothalamus--Left side—“start eating”
center. (LH)
Underside—(VHM)-“stop eating” center
 Psychological influences
Culture’s Influence on Eating (disorders)
 Many argue the impossible standards of beauty put out by
popular culture has lead to an increase in eating disorders:
 Anorexia Nervosa: eating disorder in which a normalweight person diets and becomes significantly
underweight, yet still feels fat and starves themselves.
 Bulimia Nervosa: an eating disorder usually characterized
by excessive eating followed by vomiting.
Changing Beauty Standards Correlate with Eating
Disorders
IDEAL UNTIL 1900’S
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MARILYN MONROE
KATE MOSS
Anorexia Often Ends In Death
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Achievement Motivation
 Achievement Motivation: desire to accomplish
things and attaining a high standard.
 2 Types of Achievement Motivation:
1. Intrinsic Motivation: performing task for its own
sake.
2. Extrinsic Motivation: performing task because of
you will receive rewards or punishments.
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic
Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’
Controlling reward
Child: “As long as she pays,
I’ll study.’’
Extrinsic motivation
Mom: “Your grades were great!
Let’s celebrate by going out
for dinner.’’
Informative reward
Child: “I love doing well.’’
Intrinsic motivation
Look these three theories up in Chapter 13 and
define.
Cognitive Consistency
Balance Theory
Cognitive-Dissonance theory
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
 1. TRAIT APPROACH
 2. PSYCHOANALITIC APPROACH
 3. LEARNING APPROACH
 4. HUMANISTIC APPROACH
 5. SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH
 Trait-an aspect of personality that is considered to be
reasonably stable.
 Can be assumed by how one behaves
 Anxious and avoiding social settings-shy
 Making jokes with friends-outgoing and humorous
Hippocrates
 Fluids called humors
 Yellow bile--quick-tempered, Choleric
 Blood--warm and cheerful
 Phlegm--sluggish and cool
 Black bile--thoughtful temperament
Melancholic
 Four Humors needed to be balance to have good health.
Gordon Allport—18,000 traits
 Traits categorized
 Physical Traits
 Behavioral Traits
 Assumed traits were inherited and were the building blocks of
personality
Hans Eysenck
 Introverts-tend to be imaginative and look inward rather than to
others for their ideas and energy
 Extroverts-tend to be active and self-expressive and gain energy
from interaction with other people
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Stable—reliable and composed and rational
Unstable –agitated and unpredictable
The Five Factor Model
 Personalities tend to mature rather than be shaped by environmental
conditions
 Are effected by society and culture
 Big five are important in defining a person’s psychological makeup.
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1. Extroversion
2. emotional stability
3. Conscientiousness
4. Agreeableness
5. openness to experience.
The Five Factor Modal
Objectives and agenda
 Objectives
 Describe the psychoanalytic theory and Freud’s role
 Compare other psychologists to Freud’s model
 Agenda
 Warm-up—list the traits of the most interesting man or woman in the world
 Notes on Freud
 Defense mechanism worksheet
 Group—chart on other psychologists
 Homework—outline the last three approaches
The Most Interesting Man in the World
If you were to describe your own idea of the
most interesting man/woman in the world,
what personality traits would you give him?
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
 Mostly based on the ideas of Sigmund Freud.
 Freud argued that personality was mostly influenced
by unconscious conflicts/motivations and early
childhood sexuality/experiences.
 From his viewpoint, only through understanding
your unconscious conflicts can you overcome
psychological problems like depression, anxiety, etc.
Structure of Our Personality According to Freud
 To Freud, personality is
Ego
Conscious mind
Unconscious
mind
Superego
Id
like an iceberg.
 We can only see a very
small part of it
(conscious) while most
of it is unseen
(unconscious)
Parts of Personality According to Freud
 Id: largest part of your personality that is
unconscious, and operates to satisfy
biological, sexual and aggressive drives.
 Seeks immediate gratification and operates
according to the pleasure principle.
Parts of Personality According to Freud
 Ego: the largely conscious part of your
personality that mediates conflict
between your id and superego.
 Operates according to the reality
principle satisfying the id’s desires in
ways that will realistically bring pleasure
rather than pain.
Your Personality Arises From Conflict Between Pleasure Seeking Impulses (Id) and
Social Restraints (Superego) Against Them
Personality Development
 According to Freud, personality developed during the life’s first few years.
 adult’s conflicts are rooted in unresolved conflicts from early childhood
 Psychosexual Stages: childhood stages of development during which according
to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking energies are focused on distinct erogenous
zones.
Stages of Development—personality goes through 5 stages—birth through
adolescence
 The oral Stage
 First year of life—explore—needs not met, stuck in oral stage—smoking, overeating, talking, nail-biting (may be
clinging, dependent on relationships
 The Anal Stage
 One and a half and two
 Can control their own bodily functions—self control becomes a vital issue
 Anal-retentive—perfectionism and excessive needs for order and cleanliness
 The Phallic Stage
 Discover physical differences between sexes—strong attachments to parent of opposite sex
 Complex emotions—can lead to depression, guilt and anxiety later
 The Latency Stage
 Five or six
 Retreat from conflict with parents and repress aggressive urges. “hidden”—hide emotions
 The Genital Stage
 Puberty
 No new psychological conflicts
 More aware of gender identify
Defense Mechanisms--defense mechanisms
 Repression—pushes anxiety into the unconscious—tea kettle
 Rationalization—self use of deceptions to justify unacceptable behaviors or
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ideas
Displacement-transfer of an idea or impulse from threatening to less
threatening. Father hit son, son hits friend
Regression—stress—return to earlier behavior
Projection—project impulses outward onto other people—see their own faults
in other people
Reaction Formation—act contrary to their genuine feelings
Denial—refuses to accept the reality of anything that is bad
Sublimation—channel basic impulses into socially acceptable behavior
Others
 Carl Jung
 Analytic psychology—out of favor with Freud—greater emphasis on influences of mysticism
and religion on behavior
 Archetypes—ideas and images of accumulated experience of all human beings
 Alfred Adler
 Inferiority complex—everyone has a basic need to overcome feelings of inferiority
 Karen Horney
 Agreed with Freud—childhood experience plays a major role
 Erik Erikson
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Developmental theory of personality
Expanded on five stages—eight stages.
Social relationships are most important factors in personality development
The Learning Approach
 Behaviorism
John Watson—external forces, not internal influences such as traits
shape a person’s behavior.
 Socialization—process by which people learn the socially desirable
behaviors of their particular culture and adopt them as part of their
personalities.
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 Social-Learning Theory
 Believe that people can act intentionally to influence the environment
(behaviorist—environment shapes us.) i.e. Skills—Values—Goals—
Expectations—Self-efficacy expectation—
The Humanistic Approach-self awareness is the core of humanity
 Abraham Maslow
 desire to achieve self-actualization—full potential
 People are unique—follow own paths--Take risks
 Carl Rogers—conscious architects of their own personalities.
 self-concept—view of oneself as an individual.
 Congruence—consistency between one’s self-concept and one’s experience.
 self esteem--Path to self-actualization requires getting in touch with our
genuine feelings and acting on them.