• How would you characterize the proverbs that you read?
• Some foretell the future of what the weather will be like
• Some are related to specific events or places
• Some are used to describe the movements or actions of people that mimic the way clouds move and travel
• Describe the role you think clouds and rain play in Hawaiian culture.
• Natural phenomenon that was commonly observed and tied to real event (bad weather, rain, lack of rain, etc).

• WALR - The change in temperature due to a change in altitude of a condensing parcel
DALR and WALR help us understand if a parcel of air will rise or sink. This determines if we get a cloud, what type, and at what height above the surface!
• DALR - The change in temperature due to a change in altitude of a noncondensing parcel

• When air rises it cools and eventually produces clouds
• By comparing a parcel of air to its surrounding you can tell if will rise or sink

• If a parcel were cooler than the surrounding environment, it would be more dense
• If allowed to do so it would sink back to it’s original position
• Air of this type resists vertical motion

• If a parcel were warmer than the surrounding environment, it would be less dense
• If allowed to do so it would rise until it reached an altitude where it’s temperature equaled that of its surroundings.

• Determined by measuring air temperatures at different heights and comparing it to the environmental lapse rate!
• The ELR is the ACTUAL change in temperature with height
1. Absolute Stability
2. Absolute Instability
3. Conditional Instability

• When the environmental lapse rate is LESS than the wet adiabatic lapse rate
• Example:
• ELR = 5 deg/1000m
• WALR = 6 deg/1000m

• When the environmental lapse rate is GREATER than the dry adiabatic lapse rate
• Example
• ELR = 12 deg/1000m
• DALR = 10 deg/1000m

• When the moist air has an environmental lapse rate BETWEEN the dry & wet adiabatic lapse rates
• Example:
• ELR = 8 deg/1000m
• WALR = 5 deg/1000m
• DALR = 10 deg/1000m

• In general, when stable air is forced aloft, the associated clouds have little vertical thickness, and precipitation, if any, is light.
• In contrast, clouds associated with unstable air are towering and frequently accompanied by heavy rain.
• e.g. the thunderstorms we’ve been having due to the unstable air caused by the passing hurricanes

• Stability is enhanced by the following:
1.
Radiation cooling of Earth’s surface after sunset
2.
The cooling of an air mass from below as it traverses a cold surface
3.
General subsidence within an air column (sinking)
• Instability is enhanced by the following:
1.
Intense solar heating warming the lowermost layer of the atmosphere
2.
The heating of an air mass from below as it passes over a warm surface.
3.
General upward movement of air caused by processes such as orographic lifting, frontal wedging, and convergence.
4.
Radiation cooling from cloud tops.

Absolute
Stability
Absolute
Instability
Conditional
Stability

• A cloud can be defined as any visible aggregate of tiny droplets of water or tiny ice crystals, or a mixture of both .
• They are beautiful and are the main features in many folktales, mele, oli and other stories and art.
• They help meteorologists, and the ancient
Polyneisans, figure out what’s going on in the atmosphere and what will happen in the future.
• The basic Hawaiian word for cloud is ao , but there are many cloud descriptions.
• Clouds are also named after colors, with 'ele'ele referring to a black cloud and ke'oke'o to a white cloud. A sheltering cloud is called ho'omalumalu and a threatening cloud, ho'oweliweli .
• Sky: The word for sky is lani .
Dr. Griswold LOVES Clouds!

1. Cloud Condensation Nuclei ( CCN )
• Particles of sea salt, dust, other materials
• Serve as the surface for water vapor to condense upon
2. Rising Air
• By one of the methods described on
Tuesday.
• Causes adiabatic cooling
• Condensation occurs at the LCL
3. Water Vapor

• Cirrus
• Fibrous, “mare’s tails”
• pūrehurehu/ pūrerehu – in Maori
• Cirrostratus
• White, produces halo
• Approach of warm front
• Cirrocumulus
• White, small cells or ripple
• looks like “Fish Scales”
• māra kūmara a Ngātoro-i-rangi – in Maori
• Above 6000 m (20,000 ft)
• ICE ONLY
• No Significant Precipitation

• Altocumulus
• Large patches of rounded masses or rolls
• Usually water droplets
• Altostratus
• Formless layer of grey cloud cover
• Sun is only visible as a bright spot.
• NO Halos
• Between 2000-6000 m (6,500-20,000 ft)
• Mostly Water
• Infrequently Precipitates Snow or Drizzle

• Stratus – ao loa – in Hawaiian
• Uniform layer covering most of sky
• Sometimes precipitation
• pūtahi – in Maori
• Stratocumulus
• Scalloped bottom, covering most of sky
• Long parallel rolled or blobs
• Nimbostratus
• Chief precipitation producers (light but for a long time)
• Associated with Stable conditions
• okewa – in Maori
• Below 2,000 m (6,500 ft)
• LIQUID ONLY

• Cumulus aopua'a – in Hawaiian
• Individual masses that develop into vertical domes or towers
• Tops often resemble cauliflower
• Form on clear days
'opua – A bank
• Cumulonimbus
• When Cumulus grow out of control
• Dark, dense, billowing clouds
• VERY TALL 12-20 km (7-12 miles)
• aopehupehu – Clouds that are swelling up of Trade Wind
Cumulus pua'a – means PIG in Hawaiian
• Bases are low (below 2,000 m) Tops up to 20 km!!
• Water at the base, can have ice if they grow tall enough
• Related to unstable air

• Mammatus
• Looks like udders
• Happen after/before severe weather or Thunderstorms
• Lenticular
• Looks like lentils or lenses
• Most often seen near mountains

Cloud Family
& Height
High
Above 6000 m
Middle
Between 2000-6000 m
Low
Below 2000 m
Vertically Developed
Cloud Type
(abbreviation)
Cirrus (Ci)
Info
Thin delicate filaments, ICE crystals, whispy
Cirrostratus (Cs) Thin white sheet, ICE crystals, produce halos around sun and moon
Cirrocumulus (Cc) Thin white, ICE crystals, and look like fish scales
Altocumulus (Ac)
White to grey, blob like… though widespread
Altostratus (As) Thin veil of clouds, may see sun as a disc but no halos
Stratus (St) Low uniform layer, resembling fog, may produce drizzle
Stratocumulus (Sc) Soft, grey clouds, blobs and batches or rolls.
Nimbostratus (Ns) Dark grey amorphous clouds, RAIN producers
Cumulus (Cu) Have flat bottoms, fair weather, billowy, cauliflower tops
Cumulonimbus (Cb) Towering clouds, sometimes form anvil heads, Heavy rainfall, hail, lightning, thunder and tornadoes

Treasury of Hawaiian Words in One Hundred and One
Categories
By Harold Winfield Kent

Treasury of Hawaiian
Words in One Hundred and One Categories
By Harold Winfield Kent

Treasury of Hawaiian
Words in One Hundred and One Categories
By Harold Winfield Kent

• FOG = a cloud with its base at or very near the ground.
• Fogs formed by Cooling
• Radiation Fog
• Advection Fog
• Upslope Fog
• Fogs formed by Evaporation
• Steam Fog
• Frontal Fog

• Radiation Fog
• The ground cools the air close to the surface during the night
• Clear Skies with Fairly high RH
• Cold air sinks in valleys
• Dissipate after sunrise
• Advection Fog
• Warm moist air is blown over a cold surface
• Advection = horizontal movement
• Turbulence (wind) is needed to make it thick
• Upslope Fog
• Humid air moves up a gradual sloping plain or mountain
• As it moves up it cools… if to dew point you get fog

• Steam Fog
• Cool air moves over warm water
• Rising air cools and condenses
• Moister added into the layer!!!!
• Frontal Fog
• After warm air is pushed upward
• If cold air is near dew-point rain can evaporate and then produce fog
• Results from the addition of water vapor into a cool layer of air

• How does the naming of clouds differ when we compare our modern method to the names of the Hawaiians?
The Hawaiian words for clouds are extremely descriptive of specific situations.