GROUPS OF CELLS WITHIN THE BODY FORM
TISSUES
J. Hinson
Human Anatomy and Physiology
JCHS
I. Epithelial
Tissues
A.
General Info
1. Line all inner and outer body surfaces
2. Anchored by a basement membrane
3. Lack blood vessels
4. Reproduce readily
5. Functions: protection, secretion,
absorption, excretion, and sensation
I.
Epithelial Tissues
simple squamous
Defined: single layer of thin, flattened
cells; thin/broad nuclei; easily damaged
B. Function: filtration, diffusion, osmosis
C. Location:
- Air sacs of lungs
- Capillary walls
- Line blood vessels
A.
I.
Epithelial Tissues
simple squamous
I.
Epithelial Tissues
simple cuboidal
Defined: single layer of cube-shaped cells;
central spherical nuclei
B. Function: secretion, absorption
C. Location:
- Surface of ovaries
- Line kidney tubules
- Line gland ducts
A.
I.
Epithelial Tissues
simple cuboidal
I.
Epithelial Tissues
simple columnar
Defined: single layer of elongated cells;
nuclei near the basement membrane
B. Function: protection, secretion,
absorption
C. Location:
- Line uterus
- Line digestive tract
A.
I.
Epithelial Tissues
simple columnar
I.
Epithelial Tissues
Pseudostratified
columnar
A. Defined: columnar cells that appear layered;
nuclei at different levels
B.
C.
Contain goblet cells that secrete mucus
Most contain cilia
Function: protection, secretion, movement of
mucus and sex cells
Location:
- Line respiratory passages
- Line reproductive tubes
I.
Epithelial Tissues
Pseudostratified
columnar
I.
Epithelial Tissues
Stratified
squamous
A.
Defined: many layers of cells make thick
tissues; reproduce in deep layers and
push cells up
- “Stratified” means layered
Function: protection
C. Location:
- skin
- Line mouth, throat, vagina, rectum
B.
I.
Epithelial Tissues
Stratified
squamous
I.
Epithelial Tissues
transitional
A.
Defined:
- contracted: several layers of cuboidal cells
- Distended: few layers
Function: distensibility, protection
C. Location:
- Line urinary bladder
- Line urinary tract
B.
I.
Epithelial Tissues
transitional
I.
Epithelial Tissues
glandular
A.
Defined: specialized cells w/in cuboidal
and columnar epitheilium
- Endocrine or exocrine
Function: secreting
C. Location:
- Merocrine: salivary, pancreatic, sweat
- Apocrine: mammary, sweat
- Holocrine: sebaceous
B.
Epithelial Tissues
glandular
Ii. Connective
Tissues
A.
General Info
1. Functions: binds, supports, framework,
fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood
cells, protects against infections, repairs
tissues
2. Most abundant tissue type
Ii. Connective
Tissues
A.
General Info
3. Contain intracellular matrix and
ground substance
4. May reproduce
5. Good blood supply
6. May be rigid or flexible
Ii. Connective
Tissues
B. Cells
Fibroblasts:
large, starshaped cell
produces
fibers
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/ftp/BIODIDAC/ZOO/HISTO/CELL/T4-20.GIF
Ii. Connective
Tissues
B. Cells
2. Mast Cells: large cells release
- heparin: no clot
- histamine:
inflammatory
response
http://mmserver.cjp.com/images/image/2559041.jpg
Ii. Connective
Tissues
B. Cells
3. Macrophages:
phagocytic cells
that “eat” foreign
particles; some
WBCs
http://www.itb.cnr.it/flex/images/D.0ce220a1911164afd50b/bor
aschi_1.jpg
Ii. Connective
Tissues
C. Tissue Fibers
1. Collagenous: collagen protein fibers
grouped in long parallel bundles;
flexible (slightly elastic); high tensile
strength
- Ex: tendons
http://www.b
ath.ac.uk/pr/
releases/new
kneepics/coll
agen.JPG
Ii. Connective
Tissues
C.
Tissue Fibers
2. Elastic: elastin microfibrils embedded
in proteins; decreased strength;
increased flexibility
- Ex: vocal cords
3. Reticular: very thin collagen fibers
II. Connective Tissues
Loose connective
(Areolar)
Defined: delicate, thin membrane;
mainly fibroblastic cells
B. Function: bind organs together; hold
tissue fluids
C. Location:
- Beneath skin
- Between muscles
- Beneath epithelium
A.
II. Connective Tissues
Loose connective
(Areolar)
II. Connective Tissues
Adipose
(AKA: fat)
Defined: specialized loose connective; fat
globules within
B. Function: protection; insulation; store
fat (energy)
C. Location:
- Beneath skin
- Around kidneys, heart
- Behind eyes
A.
II. Connective Tissues
Adipose
(AKA: fat)
II. Connective Tissues
Fibrous
(Dense ordinary)
Defined: closely packed with thick
collagenous fibers
B. Function: bind organs together
C. Location:
- Tendons
- Ligaments
- Deep skin
A.
II. Connective Tissues
Fibrous
(Dense ordinary)
II. Connective Tissues
Cartilage
Defined: rigid substance;
chondrocytes surrounded by ground
substance; lacks direct blood supply
http://www.orthop.washingt
on.edu/_Rainbow/Album/10
357me42493ea-0326-453fad31-1c2fcf4ee66d.jpg
II. Connective Tissues
Hyaline
Cartilage
Defined: fine collagen fibers in a matrix
A.
B.
C.
“Milk Glass” appearance
Most common cartilage
Function: support, protection, framework
Location:
- Ends of bones
- Nose
- Respiratory rings
II. Connective Tissues
Hyaline
Cartilage
II. Connective Tissues
Elastic Cartilage
Defined: dense network of elastic fibers;
some flexibility
B. Function: support, protection, flexible
framework
C. Location:
- Ear
- Larynx
A.
II. Connective Tissues
Elastic Cartilage
II. Connective Tissues
fibrocartilage
Defined: large collagen fibers; tough
B. Function: support, protection, shock
absorption
C. Location:
- Intervertebral disc
- Meniscus
A.
II. Connective Tissues
fibrocartilage
II. Connective Tissues
Bone
Defined: most rigid- mineral content;
high collagen; contain osteocytes
B. Function: support, protection, framework
C. Location:
- Skeleton (bones)
A.
II. Connective Tissues
Bone
II. Connective Tissues
Blood
(Vascular Tissue)
Defined: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
suspended in plasma
B. Function: transports substances; helps
maintain a stable environment
C. Location:
- Blood vessels
- heart
A.
II. Connective Tissues
Blood
(Vascular Tissue)
II. Connective Tissues
Reticuloendothelial
Defined: composed of phagocytic cells
B. Function: defense against disease
C. Location:
- Lungs
- Brain
- Liver
- Lymph nodes
A.
II. Connective Tissues
Reticuloendothelial
Iii. Muscle
Tissue
A.
General Info
1. Contractile:
muscle fibers can
change shape by
getting shorter or
thicker
2. Three types
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/146.gif
III. Muscle Tissue
Skeletal
Defined: voluntary – conciously
controlled; long, threadlike w/ striations
(striped appearance)
B. Function: voluntary movement of bones
C. Location:
- Muscles attached to bones
A.
III. Muscle Tissue
Skeletal
III. Muscle Tissue
Smooth
Defined: involuntary; cells lack striations;
shorter
B. Function: involuntary movement of
internal organs
C. Location:
- Walls of hollow internal organs
A.
III. Muscle Tissue
Smooth
III. Muscle Tissue
Cardiac
Defined: involuntary; only in heart;
striated cells joined end to end via
intercalated discs
B. Function: involuntary contraction of the
heart
C. Location:
- Heart muscle
A.
III. Muscle Tissue
Cardiac
IV. Nervous
Tissue
Functions: sensitivity and conductivity
of nerve impulses
1. coordinate, regulate, and integrate body
functions
B. Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves
C. Nerve cells = neurons
A.
IV. Nervous
Tissue
D. Neuroglial cells:
support, carry on
phagocytosis,
supply nutrients
by connecting to
blood vessels
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0126536/glial.gif
IV. Nervous
Tissue