CH.18 SECTION 4
Terms
Foraker Act: An act that congress passed in 1900. The act
established a civil government in Puerto Rico.
Platt Amendment: A set of condtions that Cuba had to
follow. Cuba got indepence from this in 1902.
“Big Stick” Diplomacy:Theodore Roosevelt's policy of
creating and using the military to accomplish America's
goals.
Panama Canal: Human- made waterway linking the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Ismuths of
Panama
More Terms
Roosevelt Corollary: President Theodore Roosevelt’s
reassurtion of the Monroe Doctrine. The addition was to
help make sure the Western Hemisphere was free from
European powers.
"Dollar Diplomacy": President Taft’s policy of expanding
American investments aboard
"Moral Diplomacy":Woodrow Wilson’s statement that the
U.S. wouldn't force to assert influence on the world, but
would instead work to promote human rights.
People
Francisco"Pancho“ Villa: a Mexican rebel leader that
attacked Columbus, New Mexico.
Theodore Roosevelt: The 26th president of the United
States that helped with the Panama Canal and Updated
the Monroe Doctrine.
William Howard Taft:The 27th Presidet that spread
American investments through out Latin America
Woodrow Wilson: The 28th president that helped with the
Mexican Revolution and WW1
Even More People
Porfiro Diaz: Mexican president that fed off of the upper
class,increased U.S. investments, and the main cause
of the Mexican Revolution
Fransico Madero: Mexican president that overthrew Diaz.
Victoriano Hueta: General that overthrew and executed
Madero.
Venustiano Carranza:Wilson’s favorite reformer that
fromed the Anti-Huerta forces.
John J.Pershing:General that hunted down Villa.
Civil Government in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico was under U.S military control until 1900 when
congress passed the Foraker Act.
The act allowed the president appoint a govenor and a part
of the Puerto Rican legislature. The rest of the legislature
would be elected in a public election.
Even though the U.S had control of Puerto Rico and Its affairs,
Puerto Ricans couldn't enjoy the same rights as
American Citizens until president Wilson signed the JonesShaforth act. This gave Puerto Ricans more rights and
control over their legislature, but they felt It was enough.
U.S Establishes Cuban Protectorate
Treaty of Paris gave Cuban Independence, but the U.S had
stationed their military there until 1902.
Before the U.S. left they got Cuba to add the Platt
Amendment to their constitution.
The amendment restricted Cuban rights,brought them into the
affairs of the U.S and Cuba couldn’t sign treaties with other
countries.
Cuba realized that the U.S wasn’t going to leave because they
were affraid of another hostile power taking Cuba., so Cuba
added the Platt Amendment.
Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy
Roosevelt made a new diplomacy from America’s victory in
the Spanish American War.
The new diplomacy relied heavily on America’s military to
accomplish the country’s goals
“Big Stick” was inspired from an old African saying”Speak
softlyand carry around a bigstick”
The saying connects because Roosevelt felt that The U.S.
should carry around a bigstick during the Age of Imperialism
and felt that it was the duty of the u.s. to civilize or uplift
weaker nations.
Ameirca and The Panama Canal.
A French company thought to connect the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans. They soon failed and asked The U,S, to buy their claim
for $40 million.(1903)
America knew that the canal couldn’t be built without Colombian
permission,so America tries to negotiate for the Isthmus of
Panama.
Negotiation failes due to fact that Columbia wanted more money
than the U.S was willing to pay.
Then, Roosevelt intervenes by sending U.S warships to the
costs of Panama. The battlships helped the Panamian rebels
fight off the Columbian forces.
America and The Panama Canal(continued)
After the Colombians were dominated by the rebels and The
U.S, Panama is declared an independent nation.
Panama allows the U.S,to dig the canal for $10 million and an
anual rent of $250,000.
35,000 workers helped build the canal,and 5,000+ died due
to accidents or dissease.
The water way soon opened in 1914 cutting off 8,000
miles from America’s trading route from west to east
coast.
Roosevelt updates the Monroe Doctrine
Latin American counrties struggle to payoff their debts to
European contires in the early 1900s.
In 1903 Great Britain and Germany blocked Venezuelan ports
until they could pay of their debts.
In 1904 Roosevelt sent a message to Congress. The message
had in it Rooseevelt’s Latin American policy called Roosevelt’s
Corollary.
The crollary made America a “police force” so Latin America
wouldn’t commit “chronic wrong doings.” These doing
where a way for European countries to justify their presence.
Latin America’s hatred toward the Rossevelt Corollary
Latin Americans disapproved of the “police force” idea that
Roosevelt had because they felt that America thought L.A.
couldn’t enforce itself.
Francisco Garcia Calderon said that the Monroe Doctrine had
taken an”agressive form with Mr.Roosevelt.”
Augusto Sandino agreed with Calderon and began to rebel
agaisnt U.S. marines in Nicaragua.(1920s)
Taft Along With His Dollar Diplomacy
William Howard Taft was chosen by Rooevelt for the President. Taft
agreed with Roosevelt’s foreign policy objectives.Taft won the election of
1908 and would keep the Open Door Ploicy. Taft also wanted to ensure
stability in Latin America(Background on Taft).
Taft wanted to achieve by relying on “dollar diplomacy” more than “bigsick
diplomacy.”
The diplomacy wanted to increase American investments
(mines,plantations,oils,wells,etc.) throughout L.A. and the
Carribean islands.
The dollar diplomacy sometimes needed military intervention. Taft
dispatched American troops to Nicaragua in 1909 and in 1912
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
Woodrow Wilson wanted to concentrate on human rights,national
integrity and opportunity and promised that America wouldn’t
conquer anymore.(Moral Diplomacy).
Instead of using the military for the other two diplomacy’s reasons, Wilson
used them to guide L.A. to the directions he thought were proper. Ex.
Wilson sent U.S. Marines to protect American investments and to protect
Haiti grom French and German agression(1915).
Wilson got Haiti to allow America to have the right to its finicial and foreign
affars.
Soldiers and Sailors also intervened in Mexico and the Dominican
Republic.
The Mexican Revolution
Porfirio Diaz had been in power for decades and benefitted from
the small upper class(Wealthy landowners, clerics, and
military men).
Diaz’s encourage ment led to American investments to grow
immensly, but this caused Americans to own large portions of
Mexican industries.
Foreign Investors, and Mexican Aristocracy grows but the lower
class is having a hard time with poverty.
In 1911 Francisco Madero led the revolution that got rid of Diaz
and Madero took the Presidency
The Mexican Revolution(Continued)
Madero seeked reforms but wasn’t very stong, so in 1913
General Victoriano Huerta seized power and executed
Madero under “dolar diplomacy”
Even though Wilson probably regonized Huerta as leader and
his pledge to protect American Investments, Wilson turned
Huerta down and prefered Veneustiano Carranza(Refromer
who started the Anti-Huerta forces)
Wilson sends Troops to Mexico
Wilson sends U.S.troops to help out Carranza get power. Wilson sent
Marines to capture the port of Veracruz. This captured destoyed
Huerta’s government and allowed Carranza to take the presidency.
Huerta’s defeat made many Mexicans happy and validated “moral
diplomacy” until Wilson found out that Carranza was slow at bringing
refroms and another rebellion starts.
Francisco “Pancho”Villa rises up from this rebellion and is courted
by Wilson until 1916 when U.S. support ends.
Villa enters New Mexico and attacks Columbus killing 18 Americans.
This angers Wilson and he sends General John J. Pershing along
with 10,000 troops.
Pershing vs. Villa
Pershing’s troops chased after Villa. The chase lasted for
several months but Villa escaped.
The troops were pulled out in 1917 because America
declared war on Germany.