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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 Key Terms
Anatomy
Caudal
Dorsal
Homeostasis
Lateral
Midsagittal
Physiology
Superior
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Anterior
Cephalad
Frontal
Inferior
Medial
Pathology
Posterior
Ventral
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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN BODY
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Early Anatomists

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): first to illustrate the human
skeleton with all of its bones

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564): wrote a book on the human
body

William Harvey (1578-1657): discovered how blood
circulates through the body
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Definitions

Anatomy: Study of the
morphology and
organization of the human
body

Physiology: Study of the
functions of the human body

Pathology: Study of diseases
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Subdivisions of Anatomy
Gross Macroscopic Anatomy  An essential tool for studying
anatomy is a mastery of
anatomical terminology.
 Regional Anatomy
Others are observation,
 Systemic Anatomy
manipulation, and in a living
person, palpation (feeling
 Microscopic Anatomy
organs with your hands) and
auscultation (listening to organ
 Developmental Anatomy
sounds with a stethoscope).

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Characteristics of Life (Living things)

Movement – voluntary change in location

Response – self awareness of environment

Growth – increase in body size without change in shape

Reproduction – producing new organisms/cells

Respiration – obtaining oxygen, removing CO2, releasing
energy from food
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Characteristics of Life (Living things)

Digestion – breaking down substances into forms that can be
absorbed and used

Absorption – substances passing through cell membranes
and into body fluids

Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation – changing substances into different chemical
forms

Excretion – removing waste produced by metabolism
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Maintenance of Life

Water – most abundant substance in the body

Food – provides organism with nutrients for energy and
materials for building new living material

Oxygen – used to release energy from nutrients

Heat – product of metabolic reactions and allows other
reactions to occur

Pressure – important in several areas (atmospheric,
hydrostatic…)
Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organism
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Body Systems

Integumentary System (skin, hair, nails, sweat glands)
 Protection,

insulation, regulation of water and temp
Skeletal System (bones, cartilage)
 Movement,

Muscular System (muscles, tendons, fasciae, bursae)
 Body

blood production, protection, mineral storage
movement, movement of food and blood
Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
 Control
and regulation, interpreting stimuli
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Body Systems

Endocrine System (pituitary, adrenal, liver, thyroid…)
 Secretes

Circulatory System (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries)
 Transport

substances to and from cells
Lymphatic System (thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes)
 Drains

hormones to regulate the body’s functions
tissues of excess fluids, immunities
Respiratory System (lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx…)
 Exchange
O2 and CO2 in the blood
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Body Systems

Digestive System (mouth, stomach, intestines…)
 Convert

food into absorbable substances
Urinary System (kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra)
 Maintain

homeostasis, chemical regulation of blood
Reproductive System (different for both genders)
 Maintain
sexual characteristics and production of offspring
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Planes
Sagittal Plane
Midsagittal
Parasagittal
Horizontal/Transverse Plane
Frontal/Coronal Plane
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Terms of Direction
Superior: Uppermost or above.
Inferior/Caudal: Lowermost or
below
Posterior/Dorsal: Towards the
back
Caudal: Toward the tail
Anterior/Ventral:
Toward
the
Anatomical
Position
front
Cephalad/Cranial: Toward the
head
Medial: Nearest to the midline of Lateral: Toward the side or away
the body
from the midline of the body
Proximal: Nearest to the point of Distal: Away from the point of
attachment or origin
attachment or origin
Regions of the Body
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Major Body Cavities

2 major body cavities

Dorsal
 Cranial
 Spinal
Cavity – contains the brain
Cavity – contains the spinal cord
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Major Body Cavities

Ventral

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Abdominal
 Pelvic
Cavity
Cavity
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Major Body Cavities

Thoracic Cavity
 Pleural
Cavities – contain lungs
 Pericardial
Cavity – contains heart
 Mediastinum
– between pleural cavities
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Major Body Cavities

Viscera – the organs of a cavity

Visceral – referring to those organs
 Visceral

peritoneum – the covering on an organ
Parietal – referring to the walls of the cavity
 Parietal
peritoneum – the covering on the wall of a cavity
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Homeostasis

Maintenance of the internal environment of the body
 Within
varying narrow limits

The body is healthy when homeostasis is maintained

Negative Feedback Loop
 Blood
 Body
Glucose Level
Temperature
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Homeostasis
Blood Glucose Levels
 Cells use glucose for functions
 Glucose levels rise significantly after meal
 Pancreas secretes insulin

 Moves

Between meals, pancreas secretes glucagon
 Turns

glucose into liver for storage as glycogen
glycogen into glucose and returns it to blood
Glucose levels remain fairly constant between meals
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Homeostasis

Body Temperature

Hypothalamus detects increase body temp and secretes
hormone

Hormone triggers the body to sweat and blood vessels to
dilate
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Homeostasis

Negative Feedback
 Response
 Change

in process
Positive feedback


to a disturbance
Increase in function in response to stimulus
Organ systems help control internal environment