1 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY AN INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 Key Terms Anatomy Caudal Dorsal Homeostasis Lateral Midsagittal Physiology Superior 2 Anterior Cephalad Frontal Inferior Medial Pathology Posterior Ventral 3 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN BODY 4 Early Anatomists Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): first to illustrate the human skeleton with all of its bones Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564): wrote a book on the human body William Harvey (1578-1657): discovered how blood circulates through the body 5 Definitions Anatomy: Study of the morphology and organization of the human body Physiology: Study of the functions of the human body Pathology: Study of diseases 6 Subdivisions of Anatomy Gross Macroscopic Anatomy An essential tool for studying anatomy is a mastery of anatomical terminology. Regional Anatomy Others are observation, Systemic Anatomy manipulation, and in a living person, palpation (feeling Microscopic Anatomy organs with your hands) and auscultation (listening to organ Developmental Anatomy sounds with a stethoscope). 7 Characteristics of Life (Living things) Movement – voluntary change in location Response – self awareness of environment Growth – increase in body size without change in shape Reproduction – producing new organisms/cells Respiration – obtaining oxygen, removing CO2, releasing energy from food 8 Characteristics of Life (Living things) Digestion – breaking down substances into forms that can be absorbed and used Absorption – substances passing through cell membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing substances into different chemical forms Excretion – removing waste produced by metabolism 9 Maintenance of Life Water – most abundant substance in the body Food – provides organism with nutrients for energy and materials for building new living material Oxygen – used to release energy from nutrients Heat – product of metabolic reactions and allows other reactions to occur Pressure – important in several areas (atmospheric, hydrostatic…) Levels of Organization Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organ Organelle Cell Tissue Organism 11 Body Systems Integumentary System (skin, hair, nails, sweat glands) Protection, insulation, regulation of water and temp Skeletal System (bones, cartilage) Movement, Muscular System (muscles, tendons, fasciae, bursae) Body blood production, protection, mineral storage movement, movement of food and blood Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves) Control and regulation, interpreting stimuli 12 Body Systems Endocrine System (pituitary, adrenal, liver, thyroid…) Secretes Circulatory System (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries) Transport substances to and from cells Lymphatic System (thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes) Drains hormones to regulate the body’s functions tissues of excess fluids, immunities Respiratory System (lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx…) Exchange O2 and CO2 in the blood 13 Body Systems Digestive System (mouth, stomach, intestines…) Convert food into absorbable substances Urinary System (kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra) Maintain homeostasis, chemical regulation of blood Reproductive System (different for both genders) Maintain sexual characteristics and production of offspring 14 Planes Sagittal Plane Midsagittal Parasagittal Horizontal/Transverse Plane Frontal/Coronal Plane 15 16 17 Terms of Direction Superior: Uppermost or above. Inferior/Caudal: Lowermost or below Posterior/Dorsal: Towards the back Caudal: Toward the tail Anterior/Ventral: Toward the Anatomical Position front Cephalad/Cranial: Toward the head Medial: Nearest to the midline of Lateral: Toward the side or away the body from the midline of the body Proximal: Nearest to the point of Distal: Away from the point of attachment or origin attachment or origin Regions of the Body 18 19 20 Major Body Cavities 2 major body cavities Dorsal Cranial Spinal Cavity – contains the brain Cavity – contains the spinal cord 21 Major Body Cavities Ventral Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Pelvic Cavity Cavity 22 Major Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity Pleural Cavities – contain lungs Pericardial Cavity – contains heart Mediastinum – between pleural cavities 23 24 Major Body Cavities Viscera – the organs of a cavity Visceral – referring to those organs Visceral peritoneum – the covering on an organ Parietal – referring to the walls of the cavity Parietal peritoneum – the covering on the wall of a cavity 25 Homeostasis Maintenance of the internal environment of the body Within varying narrow limits The body is healthy when homeostasis is maintained Negative Feedback Loop Blood Body Glucose Level Temperature 26 Homeostasis Blood Glucose Levels Cells use glucose for functions Glucose levels rise significantly after meal Pancreas secretes insulin Moves Between meals, pancreas secretes glucagon Turns glucose into liver for storage as glycogen glycogen into glucose and returns it to blood Glucose levels remain fairly constant between meals 27 Homeostasis Body Temperature Hypothalamus detects increase body temp and secretes hormone Hormone triggers the body to sweat and blood vessels to dilate 28 Homeostasis Negative Feedback Response Change in process Positive feedback to a disturbance Increase in function in response to stimulus Organ systems help control internal environment