MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
HUMAN BODY ORIENTATION
ANATOMY
• MORPHOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
• FUNCTION
MOLECULAR HIERARCHY
• SUBATOMIC
– Electrons
– Neutrons
– Protons
– ATOM
– MOLECULE
HEIRARCHY CONT.
• MACROMOLECULES
– Proteins
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Nucleic acids
HIERARCHY CONT.
• CELL (CYTOLOGY; CELL BIOLOGY)
– NUCLEUS
– CELL MEMBRANE (plasma membrane,
phospholipid bilayer)
– CYTOPLASM (cytosol)
– MITOCHONDRIA (cellular respiration;
conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and
water and ATP)
HIERARCHY CONT.
• CELL
– LYSOSOME (digestive enzymes)
– PEROXISOMES (detoxification, especially
alcohol)
– ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ER (synthesis of lipids, detox, drug
tolerance)
• ROUGH ER (protein assembly)
• GOLGI APPARATUS (post-translational
modification)
Hierarchy cont
• CELL
– NUCLEUS (in eukaryotes, protects genetic
info)
– FLAGELLA AND CILIA (cell movement; 9=2
array)
HIERARCHY CONT
• TISSUE (HISTOLOGY)
– EPITHELIAL (epithelium and endothelium,
glands)
– CONNECTIVE (dense connective like bone,
adipose, loose connective like blood vessels,
and blood and lymph)
– MUSCLE (cardiac, smooth, skeletal)
– NERVOUS (nerves, spinal cord, brain)
HIERARCHY CONT
• ORGANS (see Table 2.2)
• ORGAN SYSTEMS
– RESPIRATORY
– NERVOUS
– DIFESTIVE
– CIRCULATORY
• ALL LEADS TO HUMA ORGANISM
ANATOMY
• BODY PLANES
– VERTICAL (rt angle to horizon)
• MIDSAGITTAL – vertical, rt and left halves
• SAGITTAL – unequal left and right portions
• CORONAL- divides into anterior and posterior
ANATOMY
• BODY DIRECTIONS
– ANTERIOR/VENTRAL
– POSTERIOR/DORSAL
– SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR
– CEPHALIC AND CAUDAL
– PROXIMAL AND DISTAL
– MEDIAL AND LATERAL
BODY CAVITIES
• DORSAL (cranial and spinal)
• VENTRAL
– Thoracic- ends at diaphragm
– Abdominal
– Pelvic- mainly reproduction and excretion
– abdominopelvic
Abdominal divisions
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•
•
•
Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower
ABDOMEN AND THORAX
REGIONS
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•
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•
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RT AND LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC
EPIGASTRIC
RT AND LEFT LUMBAR
UMBILICAL
RT AND LEFT ILIAC
HYPOGASTRIC
PERITONEUM
PERITONEUM
• Membrane
– Parietal – outer
– Visceral – inner
– Mesentery
– Retroperitoneal
– Ascites – fluid in peritoneum
CYTOLOGY
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•
•
•
DNA
GENES
MUTATION (somatic vs gametic)
Genetic disorders
– Huntington’s disease
– Cystic fibrosis
– Hemophilia
– Down syndrome
GENETIC DISORDER CONT
– Sickle cell anemia
– Tay sachs
– Phenylketouria
– Genetic vs congenital
• Fetal alcohol syndrome
• Cerebral palsy
WORD PARTS
• OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
PUTTING THEM TOGETHER
• “o” IS COMMON COMBINING VOWEL
– IF ENDS IN CONSONANT
– IF COMBING TWO OR MORE ROOT
WORDS
• “o” NOT NEEDED IF SUFFIX BEGINS IN
A VOWEL
SIMPLE COMBING FORMS
• PREFIXES
– OFTEN DENOTE TIME, LOCATION OR
STATUS
•
•
•
•
•
Pre-, peri-, postA-: without
Ab-:away from
Eu: good
Dys-:bad
Prefixes cont.
– Hyper-:above
– Hypo-:below
– Inter-:between
– Intra-:within
– Sub: below
– Super- or supra-: beyond
– Oligo-:few
PREFIXES CONT.
• BODY SYSTEMS
– OSTEO- BONES
– ARTHRO- JOINTS
– CHONDRO- CARTILAGE
– MYO – MUSCLES
– CARDIO-HEART
– PHLEB- VEINS
– ARTERIO- ARTERIES
BODY SYSTEMS PREFIXES
– HEMA- OR HEMAT- BLOOD
– SPLENO- SPLEEN
– NAS-NOSE
– PNUEMO-LUNGS
– ORO-MOUTH
– GASTRO-STOMACH
– ENTERO-SMALL INTESTINE
– COLO-LARGE INTESTINE
BODY SYSTEM PREFIXES
– HEPATO-LIVER
– NEPHR- OR REN- KIDNEYS
– CYST-, VESSICO- URINARY BLADDER
– NEUR- NERVOUS SYSTEM
– ENCEPHAL-BRAIN
– MYELO-SPINAL CORD
– OPTHAL, OR OCUL- EYES
– OT-, ACOUST- EARS
BODY SYSTEM PREFIXES
– CUTAN-, DERMAT– SKIN
– SEB- SEBACEOUS GLANDS
– HIDR-SWEAT GLANDS
– ORCH-TESTES
– OOPHOR-, OVARI- OVARIES
– HYSTER-, MET-, UTER- UTERUS
SUFFIXES
• Often indicate procedure, disorder, or
disease
– Ectomy : to remove
– Tonsillectomy
– ac: pertaining to
– -itis: inflammation of
– - osis: abnormal condition
SUFFIXES CONT
– - dynia, - algia: pain or suffering (cephalgia,
gastrodynia
– - malcia: abnormal softening (arteiomalacia)
– - megaly: enlargement (hepatomegaly)
– - necrosis: death (caessation necrosis – Tb)
– - sclerosis: abnormal hardening
(arteriosclerosis)
– - stenosis: abnormal narrowing (pyloric
stenosis)
SUFFIXES CONT
• PROCEDURES
– - centesis: fluid removal (amniocentesis)
– - ectomy: removal
– - graphy, - gram: picture (arteriography,
pyelogram)
– - plasty: to repair (rhinoplasty)
– - scopy: visual exam (colonoscopy,
endoscopy)
SUFFIXES
• THE IMMPORTANT RR’S:
– - rrhaphy: to suture (splenorrhaphy)
– - rrhage: bursting forth (hemorrhage)
– - rrhea: abnormal flow (diarrhea, amenorrhea)
– - rrhexis: rupure (splenorrhexis)
BASIC MEDICAL TERMS
• EPIDEMIOLOGY
• SYMPTOM = SUBJECTIVE
• SIGN, CLINICAL MANIFESTATION =
OBJECTIVE
• DIAGNOSIS
– Differential
– Prognosis
BASIC MEDICAL TERMS
• DISEASE
– CHRONIC VS ACUTE
– SYNDROME = COMPILATION OF CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS
– REMISSION – ABSENCE OF SYMPTOMS
WITHOUT A CURE
– EPIDEMIC VIS ENDEMIC, PANDEMIC
– TRANSMISSION
– INCUBATION PERIOD
BASIC MEDICAL TERMS
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
COMMUNICABLE
IDIOPATHIC
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
IATROGENCI DISORDER
CONFUSING WORD PARTS
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ARTERIO- AND ATHEROILEUM AND ILIUM
INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION
MUCOUS AND MUCUS
MYC-, MYEL-, AND MY-OSTOMY AND –OTOMY
PALPATION AND PALPITATION
PROSTATE AND PROSTRATE
CONFUSING WORD PARTS
CONT
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SUPPINATION AND SUPPURATION
PYELO-, PYO-, AND PYROTRIAGE AND TRAUMA
VIRAL AND VIRILE
COLOR WORD PARTS
•
ERTYTH- RED (erythrocyte, erthroblastoma fetalis)
•
MELAN- WHITE (malignant melanoma, melanosis)
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CYAN- BLUE (cyanosis, cyanotic)
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LEUK-WHITE (leukocyte, leukemia)
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POLI- GRAY (poliomyelitis)
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