CHAPTER 12.3 AND 12.4 READING GUIDE:
Name: ___________________________
12.3 → Behavorial Perspectives
1. Explain how determinism relates to Skinner’s ideas. How might Skinner have explained the consistencies
in a person’s behavior (and thus personality) over time?
2. Name and describe the process through which Skinner believes
response tendencies are acquired. How do Skinner’s ideas differ
and others?
3. Summarize the main ideas associated with Albert Bandura’s social
cognitive theory, including where he both agrees and disagrees with
Skinner, as well as the concept of reciprocal determinism.
Figure 12.6: What is it about
personality that causes
frombehaviorists
Freud
to devote little attention to it?
_________ Which of the four
response tendencies has been most
strongly reinforced? ___________
Figure 12.7: According to the principles of
operant conditioning, how can you stop
someone from being witty and
humorous? ________________________
4. What are some types of models that might be more influential than others
in terms of observational learning?
Figure 12.8: What are the three
components of Bandura’s idea
of reciprocal determinism?
1) ________________________
2) ________________________
3) ________________________
__________________________
_____
5. Which personal factor has Bandura focused on that helps govern behavior? What are some
characteristics of this factor? How does it influence us?
6. Explain Mischel’s general idea and how it ‘struck at the heart of the concept of personality’.
12.4 → Humanistic Perspectives
1. What was the main combined criticism of the behaviorism and psychodynamic approaches? In general,
how do humanistic theorists contrast with the other two approaches?
2. What did person-centered theory emphasize that helped give it its
name? Summarize how this relates to a person’s self-concept
according to Rogers. Include idea of incongruence in this context.
Figure 12.9: Which two factors
significantly overlap in a state of
congruence? ____________________
_______________________________
3. How does unconditional love from parents vs. conditional love affect a child?
4. What is the source of anxiety according to Rogers? How do people
deal with this anxiety?
Figure 12.10: What type of selfconcept results from conditional
love? ______________________
What does this lead to?
___________ What type of
behavior thus reinforces the selfconcept? __________________
Figure 12.12: What do Kenrick’s new
three highest needs all relate to?
________________________________
5. Summarize the structure of and process of progression through Maslow’s
hierarchy of needs, all the way up through self-actualization (you don’t need
to list each level).
Figure 12.13: Which of Maslow’s
characteristics of self-actualizing
people is your strongest? weakest?
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
6. What perspective does Kenrick and colleagues work from? Where do they agree with Maslow? Where do
they disagree?
STRENGTHS OF HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
1.
CRITICISMS OF HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.