*
* I didn’t take 11 chemistry so watch this!!!!
* Water
* Biological Molecules – Hank strikes again!
*
Remember: CHNOPS
C = Carbon
H = Hydrogen
O = Oxygen P = Phosphorus
N = Nitrogen
S = Sulfur
*
* CHNOPS elements usually form covalent bonds.
* Electrons shared  stability
4
*
Bond
Double
Bond
*
Bond
Carbon
*
7
*
*Carbon atoms form covalent bonds to carbon
atoms.
*Carbon chains form "backbones" of organic
molecules.
* Various lengths
* "Functional groups" may be attached to carbon chains.
* determine properties of molecules
* cause diversity of organic molecules
8
*"Functional groups:"
4 to know
9
* Any or all functional groups may be attached to a carbon
backbone to make
* alcohols,
* acetic acid,
* fatty acids,
* sugars,
* amino acids,
* etc.
*"Functional groups"
10
*Crucial to the carbon-based
life on the Earth are several
types of biologically-essential
molecules.
*The basic types of molecules
are carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins and nucleic acids.
* The carbohydrates are the compounds which
provide energy to living cells. They are compounds
of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with a ratio of two
hydrogens for every oxygen atom. The
carbohydrates we use as foods have their origin in
the photosynthesis of plants. They take the form of
sugars, starches, and cellulose.
* The name carbohydrate means "watered carbon" or
carbon with attached water molecules. Many
carbohydrates have empirical formuli which would
imply about equal numbers of carbon and water
molecules. For example, the formula for glucose
C6H12O6 suggests 6 carbon atoms and 6 water
molecules.
*
* Monosaccharides = "Simple sugars"
* glucose, fructose, etc.
* Disaccharides
* Polysaccharides
14
*
*"Simple sugars" = monosaccharides
*Used as cellular "fuel," source of energy
*(as gasoline for engine)
15
*
16
*Synthesis = dehydration
synthesis
* Removal of OH + H forms water, H2O
* Leaves bonding sites that join monosaccharide units.
17
*Disassembly = hydrolysis
* Break bond between monosaccharide units.
* Add OH + H to fill bonding sites.
18
*Polysaccharides
*Built up of monosaccharide units by dehydration
synthesis.
*Disassembly by hydrolysis.
19
*Polysaccharides
* Examples:
* Glycogen - stored fuel in liver, muscle cells
* Starch - stored energy in plants, digestible (hydrolysis)
* Cellulose - plant cell walls, indigestible (dietary fiber)
* Chitin - arthropod exoskeletons, indigestible
20
* Fats, oils, waxes, and sterols are collectively
known as lipids.
* Like the carbohydrates, the true fats contain
only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The
molecules of such a lipid are made up of a
glycerol molecule with three fatty acid
molecules attached to it. This kind of lipid is
also called a triglyceride.
*
*
*
*Steroids
*unlike other lipids,
4-ring structure
25
* Proteins are the "workhorse" molecules of life,
taking part in essentially every structure and
activity of life. They are building materials for
living cells, appearing in the structures inside the
cell and within the cell membrane.
* While many of the proteins are structural proteins,
many are regulatory proteins called enzymes.
* They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen like the
carbohydrates and lipids but they also contain
nitrogen and often sulfur and phosphorus.
*
* Protein molecules are often very large and are
made up of hundreds to thousands of amino
acid units.
* Amino acids are organic compounds which
contain both an amino group and a carboxyl
group.
* The 20 amino acids are combined in different
ways to make up the 100,000 or so different
proteins in the human body. Some of these
proteins are in solution in the blood and other
fluids of the body, and some are in solid form
as the framework of tissue, bone and hair.
*
*Examples:
* 20 “R” groups  20 kinds of amino acids in all biological
chemistry.
29
*
* Globular
* Structural/Fibrous
* hemoglobin
* myoglobin
* hormones
* keratin
* epidermis, hair, nails
* collagen
* tendons, ligaments
* insulin, glucagon, growth
* silks
hormone
* antibodies
* receptors
* ENZYMES
31
*
*
*
*Biological polymers (carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, nucleic acids) must be assembled
precisely!!
*Chemical processes must occur in proper sequence.
*Chemical processes require energy (heat) for
activation.
* Reactions occur very slowly at body temperature.
* Add heat to speed up reaction  undesirable reactions
*How to control reactions at moderate
temperature?
* Answer = . . .
35
*
*Enzymes = biological
catalysts
*Properties
* SPECIFICITY:
* 1 enzyme  1 reaction
* LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY:
* increased reaction rate
* CONTROL (regulation):
* Enzymes can be “switched on”
or “off.”
36
* Nuclei acids control the processes of heredity
by which cells and organisms reproduce
proteins.
* The key nucleic acids are DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic
acid).
* A molecule of a nuclei acid consists of a long
chain of units called nucleotides.
*
*
*Polymers of
nucleotides
*3 parts of
nucleotide
* 5-C sugar (ribose,
deoxyribose)
* Base (A, C, G, T or U)
* Phosphate
39
* Nucleotides are the basic structural units of
nucleic acids which control the production of
proteins in living organisms.
* The nucleotides are made up of a phosphate
group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen base.
*