PLS221 Capsicum
Foto del: The Chile Pepper Institute,
NMSU,
http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/welcome.html
?t=CHILE
Spooner et al 2008
Origin &
domestication
C. annuum
C. baccatum
C. pubescens
C. frutescens
C. chinense
C. annuum
m
(var. glabriusculum)
chacoense
galapagence
X=13
Moscone at al 2007
Specific traits
C. annuum
C. chinense
C. frutescens
The Chile Pepper Institute, NMSU,
http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/welcome.
html?t=CHILE
C. baccatum
C. pubescens
Rocoto, locoto, chile manzano
Wild species related to C. pubescens
C. eximium & C. cardenasii
C. cardenasii
Wild species
C. tovari
C. spp
Capsicum galapagoense
Genetic Diversity of Chiltepins
Variety Clasificacion
Non-pungent (sweet): Bell pepper, pimento, paprika,
yellow wax
2x acreage than hot peppers
Hot peppers (pungent): NewMex type (‘Anaheim’, ‘Largo
Verde’), jalapeño, ancho, serrano, Tabasco, habanero
etc
Paprika in USA is a product: chile powder from nonpungent NewMex types
In Europe it is a variety, in Hungary are sweet and
hot paprika
Bosland et al. 1996. Capsicum pepper varieties and classification
<www.geocities.com/NapaValley/3378/circ530.pdf >
Bosland et al. 1996. Capsicum pepper varieties and classification
<www.geocities.com/NapaValley/3378/circ530.pdf >
Genes controlling main traits of Capsicums
> 292 described genes for:
Morphology,
Physiology,
Sterility
Disease and pest resistance
Wang D & P Bosland (2006) HortScience 41:1169-1187
Pepper Trisomics
Capsicum linkage maps, 2262 markers
Paran et al Mol. Breed. 13:251-61
Sample of important genes
Plant height:
dwafs: dw-1, dw-2, dw-3, dw-4, dw-5, dw-6, dw-7, dw-8
Tall: tal
Leaf shape :
~31 genes
Flowers:
Multiple Flowers: Mf-1, Mf-2, Mf-3
Fruit shape:
6 genes: O round; up-1, up2, upright; pf parthenocarpy
Immature fruit color:
sw1 sulfur white; sw2 yellow-green; sw3 light green, A & MoA, F
purple
Mature fruit color
y cl c1 c2
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
y
y
y
y
y
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
cl
C1 C2 red
c1 C2 light rrd
C1 c2 orange
c1 c2 light orange
C1 C2 chocolate
C1 C2 yellow
c1 C2 light yellow
C1 c2 lemon yellow
c1 c2 white
- - olive green
Molecular basis
Y (Ccs) capsanthin y capsorubin synthase, y= zeaxanthin
chrom 6
C2: (phytoene synthase), chrom 4
cl: clorophyll retention
Unknown function
chrom 1
Heat or Pungency: capsaicinoid alkaloids
Most abundant: Capsaicin & Dihydrocapsaicin
Type
Habanero
Tabasco
Thai Hot
Jalapeño
Amarillo
Serrano
Bell
species
C. chinense
C. frutescens
C. annuum
C. annuum
C. baccatum
C. annuum
C. annuum
Scoville units
210,000
120,000
60,000
25,000
17,000
4,000
0
Guiness record: Bhut Jolokia de la India, con
1,001,304 US,
http://www.nmsu.edu/~ucomm/Releases/2007/february/hottest_chile.htm
Capsaicinoid
synthesis
Steward et al. Plant J. 2005
The Known Capsaicinoids
*Capsaicin
*Homocapsaicin
*Norcapsaicin
Nornorcapsaicin
Bis-homocapsaicin
Tris-homocapsaicin
Tetra-homocapsaicin
The Known Capsaicinoids
*Dihydrocapsaicin
*Homodihydrocapsaicin
Nordihydrocapsaicin
Nornordihydrocapsaicin
3-nor-dihydrocapsaicin
Tris-homodihydrocapsaicin
Bis-homodihydrocapsaicin
Tetra-homodihydrocapsaicin
The Known Capsaicinoids
Isomers of Dihydrocapsaicin
Tetra-homodihydrocapsaicin
Tris-homodihydrocapsaicin
Nordihydrocapsaicin
Nornordihydrocapsaicin
SB2-66, candidate gene Pun1
J. 42:675-688
SB2-66 sequence colocalized with Pun1 in
F2 mapping pop
C. frutescens BG 2816
(Pun1/Pun1) x C.
annum ‘Maor’
(pun1/pun1)
Mapped on
chromosome 2
DNA seq variation
between sween and
hot varieties
Stewart et al., 2005, The Plant
Genomic DNA Sequence and
structure of Pun1 locus
Acyltransferase
Deletion of 25Kb in sweet types (recessive) of
C. annuum
6 QTL control amount of capsaicinoids
Ben-Chaim et al
Fruit shape and size
Zygier et al., 2005 Theor Appl Genet 111:437-445
Ben Chaim et al. 2003b Theor Appl. Genet 106:889-894
Conservation of QTL on chrom 2 & 4 in
Capsicum (3 species) & tomato
QTL for fruit size (3)
fw2.1 (major effect), fw-4.1 y fw4.2
Same locations as tomato
QTL for fruit shape (6)
fs3.1 y fs10.1 (major effects) not conserved in tomato
fs2.1 (minor effect), associated to fw2.1
fs4.1 y fs4.2 (minor effects) associated with fw.4.1 &
fw4.2 respectively.
fs8.1 (minor effect)
Nematode resistence (Meloidogyne spp)
Djian-Caporalino et al 2007. Theor Appl Genet 114:473-486
6 resistance genes on chrom 9
Me1, Me3 & Me 7 wide spectrum, plus N
Marker assisted selection for nematode resistance
Virus Resistence
TMV: gene L (or Tm), multiple alleles
CMV: gene cm, plus 7 QTL restrict virus movement
Caranta et al 2002 Theor Appl Genet 104:586-591
Potyvirus (PVY, TEV Pep-moV, PVMV, CVMV, PVE)
Genes prv-1, prv-3,prv-5, pvr-6, prv8 (recessive) ,
Prv-4, Pvr-7, Pn-1 (dominant)
Markers available for prv-1, chromos 3
Yeam et al 2005. Theor Appl Genet 112:178-86
TSWS (tomato spotted wilt topovirus)
Gene Tsw, marker available, chrom 10
Resistance to other diseases
Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas)
Genes Bs-1, Bs-2, Bs-3, Bs-4 , Xcv (dominant)
Bs-5, bs-6, gds (recessive)
Markers available for Bs-2,Bs-3
Phytophtora
Gene Psr, Pfr
6 QTL: Phyto4.1,5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 11.1, 12.1
Antracnosis: genes Anr-1 al -5.
Oidium: genes lmr-1 al 3 , + 7 QTL
Cytoplasmic male sterility
2006. Breeding Sci 56:331-4
Gulyas et al
C. annuum
rf in cytoplasm S
Restorer Rf
Markers distinguishing sterile and fertile plants
Pepper cms
Kim & Kim 2005
Fruit taste and aroma
Very little know on inheritance of compounds
determining these traits
Specific flavor Bell-pepper (2-isobutyl 3
methoxypyrazine, decadienal)
habanero, jalapeño, baccatum yellow pepper?
Species specific?
Changes during fruit maturation?
baccatum (yellow)
chinense (habanero)
annuum (jalapeño)
Negre & Quiros,unpub
#
Compound
Jalapeño (C.
annuum)
Habanero (C.
chinense)
Amarillo (C.
baccatum)
x
1
Hexyl 2-methylbutanoate
x
x
2
a-himachalene
x
x
3
3-methylbutyl 3-methylbutanoate
x
x
4
Hexyl 2-methylpropanoate
x
x
5
cis-3-hexenyl 3-methylbutanoate
x
x
6
Hexyl 3-methylbutanoate
x
x
7
Hexylhexanoate
x
x
8
b-cubebene
cis-b-ocimene
x
x
9
x
10
Isocaryophyllene
x
11
b-himachalene
x
12
4-methylpentanol
x
13
cis-3-hexenol
x
14
Hexanol
x
15
Heptanol
x
16
5-methyl 6-heptenol
x
17
Pentyl 3-methylbutanoate
x
18
3,5-dimethylcyclohexene
x
19
2,2-dimethylheptylpropanoate
x
20
2-methylheptylbutanoate
x
21
3,3-dimethylcyclohexanol
x
22
Octyl 3-methylbutanoate
x
23
cis-5-octenol
x
+ 12 others
specific to yellow
Doubled Haploides
Available to Capsicum breeder
Allows to obtain homozygous lines, including RI.
Twin seedlings (traditional)
Anther culture
Transgenesis
Agrobacterium transformation difficult in Capsicum
annuum
Dificulties:
1) Shoot regeneration is genotype dependent
2) Low efficiency of infection by Agrobacterium in
cot/hypocots
Virus resistence obtained experimentally
Lee et al (2004) Plant Cell Rept 23:50-58
Celestial smile
The Chile Pepper Institute, NMSU,
http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/welcome.html?t=CHILE