AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
Mike Kowalkowski
Week 8: March 8th 2007
Project Aquarius
Power Engineering Group
Surface of Mars Lead
MRCF, LP, NPS Vehicle Focal
HAB, MLV, MRCF, LP, NPS, MR Power Contact
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
NPS Brayton Reactor Sizing
• Conceptual Design
Power
Conditioner
– Three 750 kWe reactors
• Only two operate at a time
– 24% conversion efficiency
• P / M / V – One NPS System
– Power: 750 kWe
– Mass: 11.7 mt
– Volume: 23.6 m^3
Main
Rad.
• Numbers validated by
independent codes3,4,6
–
–
–
–
–
Reactor (Rogge)8
Shield (Kowalkowski)5,7,10,11
Radiator (Guyon)2
Power converter (Kowalkowski)1
Wiring system (Scott)9
Comp.
T.A.
Turb..
HXCHG
Shield
Mars
Ground
Reactor
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
Mars Surface Orientation
LP/ MRCF
Landing Zone 1
NPS
3
ISPP
2
ISPP
1
Mars Taxi
Landing
Zone
HAB
1
HAB
2
PMAD
NPS
2
NPS
1
Not to scale
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
Backup Slides
Week 4 Readiness Level
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
EP Brayton Reactor Sizing
• Conceptual Design
– One 2 MWe space reactor
Main
Rad.
• Only operate one at a time
• Two turbines at 1 MWe each
Power
Conditioner
– 24% conversion efficiency
P / M / V – One EP System
– Power: 2 MWe
– Mass: 29.7 mt
– Volume: 294 m^3
• Includes literature based
PMAD values for space
propulsion vehicles
Comp.
T.A.
Turb..
HXCHG
Shield
Reactor
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
Surface of Mars Layout
• Final Values - Totals
• NPS (Kowalkowski/Rogge/Scott/Guyon)2,9:
– Mass: 55.3 mt
– Volume: 176 m^3
– Power: 1.5 MWe system
• Included three 0.75 MWe reactors with PMAD & wiring to
HABs, MRCF/LP, and ISPP.
• MRCF / LP (Fox/Kowalkowski):
– Mass: 103 mt
– Volume: 732 m^3
– Power: 126 kWe max
• Includes 1 km of fuel piping, two storage tents, and a
launch gantry with motor.
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
Surface of Mars Layout
• Final Values – Power Systems
• HAB (1&2) (Kowalkowski):
– Mass: 1.645 mt
– Volume: 1.44 m^3
– Power: 110 kWe max (55 kWe per HAB)
• Note PMAD included in NPS; only LiIon Battery sizing shown
here.
• MR (Kowalkowski):
– Mass: 1.50 mt
– Volume: 1.31 m^3
– Power: 69.3 kWe max
• Includes fuel cells and a no fault return battery system for 30
km/hr max speed, 12 hour nominal mission, 11.54 kWe human
factors, 9500 kg, 120 km range
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
NPS Reactor Sizing Logic
• Reactor Figures (Rogge)8 • Thermal radiator figures
(Guyon / Kowalkowski)2
– Mass – 0.53 mt
– Dimensions cylinder
• 0.48 x 0.48 m
• PMAD Figures (Scott)9
– Mass – 15.9 mt
– Volume – 5.87 m^3
• Brayton figures
(Kowalkowski)
– Mass – 2 mt
– Volume – 5.07 m^3
– Mass – 7.39 mt
– Area – 169 m^2
– Volume – 18 m^3
• Shield figures (Kowalkowski)
– Mass – 1.61 mt
– Volume – 0.45 m^3
– Major Assumption
• Regolith blocks harmful
gamma and neutrino flux –
0.1 m away
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
EP 2 MWe Reactor Sizing Logic
• Reactor Figures (Rogge)8 • Thermal radiator figures
2
– Mass – 1.06 mt
– Dimensions cylinder
• 0.59 x 0.59 m
• PMAD Figures
(Kowalkowski)** literature
– Mass – 5000 mt
– Volume – 5 m^3
• Brayton figures
(Kowalkowski)
– Mass – 3.55 mt
– Volume – 48 m^3
(Guyon / Kowalkowski)
– Mass – 18.55 mt
– Area – 1250 m^2
– Volume – 145 m^3
• Shield figures
(Kowalkowski)
– Mass – 1.387 mt
– Volume – 0.48 m^3
– Major Assumption
• Shadow shield no
human contact
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• 1000 x relaxed
AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
EP / NPS Reactor Sizing Logic (2)
• All codes have been written, and values closely match
those in current literature for the EP and NPS systems.
This shows that our integrated code is delivering realistic
values.
• A sample EP size has been presented today, but note
that this is not the final or the only EP system size.
Others will be equivalently sized as finalized payloads
are delivered on Friday. Though we are not at a
complete 100% design fix as of Thursday evening, we
are within the capability to quickly and accurately deliver
numbers where needed using the rotating codes that are
attached. Note that where I used someone else’s code,
it was simply referenced to save paper; these codes will
be available with my references online. Only codes that
I directly edited or created are attached this week.
• Note battery code and vehicle code also updated this
week.
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
Space Radiator Charts - Guyon
Electrical Power vs. Area of Radiator for Nuclear Power in Space
3500
3000
Electrical Power vs. Total Mass for Nuclear Power in Space
40
2000
35
1500
30
1000
500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Power (kW)
3500
4000
4500
Total Mass (mt)
Area of Radiator (m2)
2500
5000
25
20
15
10
5
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Power (kW)
3500
4000
4500
5000
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
Scott – HAB Distance to Wire Mass
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
System Mass Trends – Lit Ref
• We hit our target literature mass value independently
within 2000 kg. This indicates to us that we are sizing
these systems correctly.
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
EP Literature Sheet - Reference
Power (kWe) Reactor Mass (kg)
20
364
54.4
800
10000
8540
30000
26800
Percentages
21.81%
Shield Mass (kg)
315
800
8180
4250
20.54%
Power (kWe)
20
54.4
239.6
360.9
478.6
553.5
825.2
10000
30000
Radiator Area (m^2)
42
400
402.528
544.959
770.546
940.95
1947.472
4800
12000
Mass (kg)
1687
3400
6301.48
8336.79
10577.06
12177
22610.48
43170
102060
Turboalternators (kg)
210
500
9650
15870
16.61%
Power Conditioning (kg)
240
800
1000
3000
13.48%
Radiators (kg) Heat Exchanger (kg)
276
240
500
0
6600
9200
42840
9300
15.59%
11.97%
Specific Mass (kg/kWe) Specific Radiator Area (m^2/kWe)
84.35
2.1
62.5
7.352941176
26.3
1.68
23.1
1.51
22.1
1.61
22
1.7
27.4
2.36
4.317
0.48
3.402
0.4
System Mass
2000
120%
Assumed efficiency @ 24%
11.50270842 kg/kWe
23005.42 kg
27606.50 kg
Inferred Mass (kg)
Calculated Mass (kg)
Discrepancy
Reactor Mass
6327.41
2673.99
Calculated only fuel + 3x fuel shield
Shield Mass
5670.99
24% efficiency
Turboalternators
4585.01
Power Conditioners
3720.94
Total Volume (Rogge)
Radiators
4304.07
12587 m^3
Heat Exchanger
3303.65
Radiator Area (m^2)
2062.25
110% Radiator Area (m^2)
2268.47
Shield Mass comprised of Tungstun / Lithium Hydride alternating layers of shielding & B
Numbers & Breakdown Percentages From Albert Juhasz & Lee Mason, NASA GRC
•
•
Reference full spreadsheet online under references.
Week6_Power_Kowalkowski.xls … 8 pages
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AAE450 Senior Spacecraft Design
Project Aquarius
Cited References
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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1 Barrett,
Michael J. “Performance Expectations of Closed Brayton Cycle Heat Exchangers
in 100 kWe Nuclear Space Power Systems.” 1st International Energy Conversion
Engineering Conference. 17 - 21 August 2003, Portsmouth, Virginia. Available Online.
2 Guyon, Matt – Thermal Radiator Sizing. Supplied Numbers and graphs 7 March 2007.
3 Houts, Dr. Michael Email on Nuclear Propulsion Systems. February 2007.
4 Hrbud, Dr. Ivana Pancake Breakfast Conversations on Nuclear Power Systems. February
2007.
5 Kuttowski, Aaron. Project Legend, Reactor coding logic. Available online.
6 Mason, Lee. A Comparison of Brayton and Sterling Space Nuclear Power Systems for
Power Levels from 1 Kilowatt to 10 Megawatts. AIP - Space Technology and Applications
International Forum, 2001. Available online.
7 “Radiation Safety: University Research Compliance.” Nuclear Radiation Safety
Handbook. Online http://compliance.vpr.okstate.edu/radsafety/handbook-3.htm. 7 March
2007.
8 Rogge, Courtney – Reactorsizing_take2_rogge.m code. 7 March 2007.
9 Scott, Ryan – Marswire.m code. 7 March 2007.
10 Smith, Matthew. Project Infinity, Reactor coding logic. Available online.
11 Wright, Steven A. and David Poston. “Low mass shielding for Martian Surface Power
Reactors.” Space Technology and Applications International Forum-STAIF 2002. Online
Available.
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