AUSTRALIA
Population: 21 m.
GDP:
Official language:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
English
Translator, Paraprofessional Translator, Advanced Translator
$0.16AUD to $3.00AUD per word (AUSIT 2011)
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Latent demand: 31.88 m
None
None
None
None.
Statistics: The Australian Bureau of Statistics includes the following in its
Australian Standard Classification of Occupations, under “social
professions not elsewhere classified”: “Translator. 2529-15 Translator.
Transcribes text or recorded verbal matter from one language into
another. Skill Level: the entry requirement for this unit group is a bachelor
degree or higher qualification.”
Government
translators:
Accreditation system:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Translation company
associations:
Informants:
Purchasing power:
Australia has a national accreditation body, NAATI, which tests and
accredits translators and interpreters at several levels. “By and large
translators need Professional-level NAATI accreditation or above in order
to work for government authorities and agencies. In reality unaccredited
practitioners are used if no accredited translators are available
(although this does not happen much with the major languages where
in general there are more than enough accredited translators to satisfy
demand)” (McGilvray). In a range of languages of limited diffusion
where NAATI does not yet offer accreditation it awards “recognition” to
applicants with documented experience as translators.
Official documents for government use (immigration, education, social
security, driver's licence, etc.) must bear the stamp of a NAATIaccredited translator. (Note that the governments are co-owners of
NAATI.)
Documents for use in court must be accompanied by an affidavit signed
by the translator. “Courts tend to have no regard for NAATI
accreditation” (Arnall), although this seems to be changing following a
report by Hale (2011) and greater awareness of problems with
interpreters. The District Court of Western Australia (2011) requires
interpreters to be accredited by NAATI or to have a “nationally
accredited diploma”, but only requires an affidavit for written
translations.
Not known.
AUSIT – Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators Inc.
www.ausit.org
AALITRA – Australian Association for Literary Translation
http://home.vicnet.net.au/~aalitra/
WAITI – Western Australian Institute of Translators and Interpreters Inc.
www.waiti.org.au
ASLIA – Australian Sign Language Interpreters’ Association
http://aslia.com.au
Not known.
Sophia Sakellis, Professional translator, Director of Delphi Translations.
Barbara McGilvray, Professional translator and editor; member of NAATI
1
Publications:
Professional Reference Group, English Panel, Italian Panel; member of AUSIT
National Council.
Annamaria Arnall, Professional translator and consultant in linguistic and
cultural matters, Acting President of AUSIT.
Melissa McMahon, Freelance professional translator, NAATI accredited, AUSIT
member.
Professor Brian Nelson, Monash University.
Robert Foote, Manager - Accreditation | National Office
National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters.
AUSIT. 2011a. For those who need the services of an interpreter or translator.
http://www.ausit.org/page/detailed_guide_for_ti_clients.html. Accessed
October 2011.
AUSIT 2011b. Join AUSIT. http://www.ausit.org/page/join_ausit.html. Accessed
October 2011.
District Court of Western Australia. 2011. Language Services Guidelines. Circular
to Practitioners GEN 2011-2. 27 September 2011.
Hale, Sandra. 2011. Interpreter Policies, Practices and Protocols in Australian
Courts and Tribunals. A National Survey. Melbourne: The Australasian Institute
of Judicial Administration Inc.
Lo Bianco, Joseph. 1987. National Policy on Languages. Canberra: Australian
Government Publishing Service.
Lo Bianco, Joseph. 1990. “Making language policy: Australia’s experience”.
Richard B. Baldauf Jr. and Allan Luke, eds Language Planning and Education
in Australasia and the South Pacific. Clevedon and Philadelphia: Multilingual
Matters. 47-79. http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/lobianco_1.pdf.
Accessed October 2011.
NAATI. 2009. Annual Report 2008-2009.
http://www.naati.com.au/PDF/Annual%20Reports/AnnualReport_0809.pdf,
Accessed October 2011.
NAATI. 2010. Annual Report 2009-10. Accessed October 2011.
NAATI. 2011. Accreditation by Testing. Information Booklet. Version 1.14.
http://www.naati.com.au/PDF/Booklets/Accreditation_by_Testing_booklet.pdf.
Office of Multicultural Interests. 2008. The Western Australian Language
Services Policy 2008. Perth: Office of Multicultural Interests.
http://www.omi.wa.gov.au/omi_language.cfm. Accessed October 2011.
Ozolins, Uldis. 1993. The politics of language in Australia. Cambridge & New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Podkalicka, Aneta Monika. 2007. Lost in translation? Language policy, media
and community in the EU and Australia: some lessons from the SBS. PhD thesis.
Queensland University of Technology. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16696/.
Accessed October 2011.
Vorstermans, Louis. 2010. Green paper on elementary strategic issues for AUSIT.
28 July 2010. http://www.ausit.org/page/essays_and_articles.html.
2
AUSTRIA
Population: 8.4 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
German
Übersetzer, (Gerichts)dolmetscher
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 13.25 m
None
None
None
The International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88) is also
used in Austria. In this classification system, translators and interpreters
are categorised in major group 2 “professionals”, sub-major group 24
“other professionals”, minor group 244 “social science and related
professionals” as unit group 2444 “philologists, translators and
interpreters”.
Taxation: Translators/interpreters are mentioned (and defined!) in the
Austrian Income Tax Act (§ 22 EStG 1988).
Social Security: As a rule, free-lance translators of any kind are “selfemployed persons” in the Austrian social security system. Literary
translators are – as “artists” – eligible for some state support of their oldage insurance, within a scheme to support artists
(http://www.culturalpolicies.net/web/austria.php?aid=514). As copyright
holders, literary translators are also eligible for some health insurance
support – provided by “Literar Mechana”, the Austrian association of
copyright holders. They have a special fund to support copyright holders
with low earnings (http://www.literar.at/pages/uu/sf_s1100.aspx).
Not known.
One doesn't need any special qualifications to work as a translator for
the government, though qualifications do help (but are not a
requirement). In general, [one informant has] the impression that
Austrians tend to value work experience over qualifications, and the
translation market sure is no exception.
This is provided for by the regional courts in collaboration with the
Austrian Association of Certified Court Interpreters (Österreichischer
Verband der gerichtlich zertifizierten und beeideten Dolmetscher,
ÖVGD). The 'Sachverständigen- und Dolmetschergesetz' (SDG; Expert
Witnesses and Interpreters Act) was originally passed in 1975 but
substantially amended in 1999. It establishes the status of "Generally
Sworn and Court-Certified Interpreter[Translator]" which can be
achieved only upon passing an examination (legal theory + practical
interpreting) that is officially organised by the court system (i.e. the
President of the respective first-instance court) but largely operated by
the "Austrian Association of Certified Court Interpreters" (see:
www.gerichtsdolmetscher.at). The exam is open to anyone with
practical experience regardless of academic qualifications, though
applicants with a degree in translation/interpreting need to supply proof
of only two (instead of five) years of professional experience as a
translator/interpreter. Exams are held at the discretion of the court
(based upon need), and individual judges in the courtroom may still
draw on persons sworn ad hoc for a given case. The exam has to be
passed in court, and the examination panel has 3 members: 1 judge + 2
representatives of the profession, as a rule members of the
aforementioned Association. More details at
www.gerichtsdolmetscher.at
Note: In spite of their title (Gerichtsdolmetscher = Legal Interpreter),
Gerichtsdolmetscher also do written translations for the courts, for
notaries public, for various public authorities, etc. For this purpose, they
3
have a special seal that is registered with the court.
Sworn translation for which documents: For legal documents. Translator
must be sworn for personal documents (birth certificates etc.) if needed
in court or for public authorities; documents that need to be certified by
a notary public (certain contracts); all documents needed in court. The
only form of authorisation is certification as a sworn (certified) court
interpreter. [Another answer:] For all kinds of documents, as long as they
have to be used officially or presented to the authorities (Police, Court,
etc.).
Maintenance of certification: Every 5 years one has to apply for recertification (no exam, one has to submit evidence that one has
actually worked for the courts, and that the courts were satisfied with
one’s work).
Other certification
systems:
The register of the professional organisation for translation and
interpreting (Universitas Austria), which contains the names of qualified
translators who are recommended by Universitas Austria (peer review or
anonymous evaluation of translations).
Translator associations
1) Universitas: the most comprehensive body, with members in
Translation and Interpreting across domains (incl. some with courtcertified status). (www.universitas.org)
2) Österreichischer Verband der Gerichtsdolmetscher (ÖVGD): Austrian
Association of Certified Court Interpreters
(www.gerichtsdolmetscher.at)
3) Übersetzergemeinschaft: association of literary and scientific
translators (www.literaturhaus.at)
4) Österreichischer GebärdensprachdolmetscherInnen-Verband
(ÖGSDV): Austrian Association of Sign-language Interpreters
(www.oegsdv.at)
5) The AIIC Austria (conference interpreters).
The five associations have joined together on the Web as the Austrian
Translation Platform (Translationsplattform), where they can all be
accessed at: www.translationsplattform.atwww.translationsplattform.at
Translation company
associations:
Other benefits of
membership of
professional
association
Social benefits of
membership of
professional
association
Austrian Association of Sworn and Certified Court Experts
http://www.sachverstaendige.at/
Not known.
No significant benefits, but essential information about legal services,
insurance benefits and healthcare plans.
Membership in the association of literary translators includes some
access to free legal services (this usually covers initial legal
advice/consultation, some letter-writing, but not e.g. full-scale court
proceedings).
Associations offer networking opportunities and, if made use of by
translators, translators benefit from them by knowing more people,
getting more jobs, being less isolated, being happier etc.
Yes, although the fear of competition is sometimes stronger than the
wish for networking.
Informants:
Franz Pöchhacker, University of Vienna.
Waltraud Kolb, University of Vienna.
Florika Griessner, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Universitas member.
Dora Saenger da Cruz, Cruz Communications, University of Vienna.
Alice Leal, PhD, University of Vienna.
4
BELGIUM
Population: 4.5 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Flemish, French, German
Traducteur, traducteur juré; Vertaler, Beëdigt vertaler
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator association
Translation company
associations:
Other benefits of
membership of
professional
association
Social benefits of
membership of
professional
association
Informants:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 16.43
m. 0.57%
None
None
None
Not known
Not known
Not known
All courts of first instance, on the basis the court chooses.
Certification is permanent, although the court may strike out your name.
Sworn translators are needed for 1) ‘official’ documents (birth certificates
etc.) and court documents, and 2) any court of justice, sometimes for
lawyers, bailiffs, notaries public, municipalities, official instances, …
Not known.
Belgische Kamer van Vertalers, Tolken en Filologen (Belgian Chamber
of Translators, Interpreters and Philologists): http://www.cbtip-bkvtf.org ;
e-mail: info@translators.be
In 2009 the Chamber had 334 members, of which 315 were translators.
Of these,163 were sworn translators. Some of the translators and
interpreters 94.4% were freelance (287 freelance, 17 salaried).
Members are listed on the Chamber’s website.
Membership fees were 180 euros a year in 2011.
To become a member, candidates must have a diploma or degree in
translation, or pass an exam set by the Chamber.
The Chamber also tests the language skills of candidates applying to
be sworn translators.
Not known.
The membership of the Belgian official Chamber offers you the
possibility of arbitration by the chamber and cheaper civil liability
insurance.
Rita Roggen for Agnès Feltkamp, President of the Belgian Chamber
of Translators and Interpreters.
Susanne Verberk, translator.
5
CROATIA
Population: 4.4 m.
GDP:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 3.02 m
Official language:
Terms for translators:
Croatian
Prevoditelj (translator), Sudski tumač (literally 'court interpreter' but the
term is used for sworn written translators, sometimes also referred to as
stalni sudski tumač (permanent sworn translator).
Range of fees:
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
None
None
None
Legal/fiscal regime:
The Croatian National Classification of Activities of 2007
http://www.poslovniforum.hr/nkd/nkd2007.htm (like the UK SIC of the
same year) has translation under M ‘Professional, scientific and technical
activities’ > 74 ‘Other professional, scientific and technical activities’ >
74.30 ‘Translation and interpreting activities’. Other activities in the same
subsection are design and photography, and other activities in the same
section (M) include legal, accounting and marketing activities.
Certification of sworn
translators:
The exam is run by the Commercial or County Court. Applicants with a
degree in law do not have to pass the exam (because it covers
knowledge of the legal and administrative systems) but have to present
a certificate proving their knowledge of the foreign language is at level
C2 or above. Applicants with a degree in foreign languages have to
pass the exam on institutions.
Sworn translators are appointed to a period of four years, after which
they have to reapply, submitting the translations they have done during
the previous time period.
None.
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Translation company
associations:
Impact of academic
degrees
Hrvatsko društvo znanstvenih i tehničkih prevoditelja (specialized
translators) (http://www.drustvoprevoditelja.htnet.hr/index_engl.html)
Društvo hrvatskih književnih prevodilaca (literary translators)
(http://www.dhkp.hr)
Društvo sudskih tumača i prevoditelja (www.dstip.hr)
Strukovna udruga stalnih sudskih tumača (www.susst.hr)
Hrvatska strukovna udruga sudskih tumača (www.hsust.hr)
Udruga stalnih sudskih tumača (www.usst.hr)
Udruga sudskih tumača "TEMPUS" (www.tempus-obuka.hr)
(The last five are all for sworn Translators.)
None.
“If employers look for qualifications, they look for a degree in the
modern languages concerned. (This is related to the fact that
translation is mostly taught at modern language departments.)
Academic qualifications are required in case of state and public
institutions, while private companies vary in that respect. In many
cases no questions are asked, and students are regularly employed as
‘translators’.”
Sworn translators have to have a university degree; Croatian national
television HRT won’t employ subtitlers who don’t have a degree in
languages; government institutions such as the Foreign Ministry also
require a degree in languages. Private translation agencies might
prefer translators with a university degree in languages when it comes
to full-time staff, but are not as strict when it comes to freelancers
6
Impact of
membership of
professional
association
Impact of Professional
certification
Informants:
(and often in fact employ students).
The Literary Translators’ Association gives annual awards, which are
considered very prestigious in that field, and membership is
considered an asset.
Sworn translators stick to agreed rates set by the association so there
is no dumping.
Nataša Pavlović, Zagreb University.
Marijan Tokić, translator, member of HDZTP.
7
CYPRUS
Population: 0.8 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Greek, Turkish
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Legal/fiscal regime:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 0.092 m
None
None
None
No specific recognition of translators in the taxation system, social
security or national statistics.
The Constitution does not recognize sworn translators. Translators certify
their translations by swearing an affidavit in which they state their
qualifications.
The Ministry of the Interior has a Press Information Office with a Translation
Section, created in June 1990. The government will only accept
translations legalised by this institution. The Press Information Office thus
does translations or legalises the signature of the translator, charging 25
euros per page, of which 16 euros goes to the translator.
Following complaints by the association of translators (PanUTI), it has
been announced that the Translation Section will be closed, on anti-trust
grounds.
Translator associations
Pan Cyprian Union of Graduate Translators and Interpreters (PanUTI)
(www.pancyuti.org), with 74 members in 2011. Members require a
degree in Modern Languages with Translation.
Translation company
associations:
Not known.
Informant:
Anastasia Pilottou, PanUTI
8
CZECH REPUBLIC
Population: 10.4 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Czech
Translator = překladatel; Sworn interpreter = soudní tlumočník
Range of fees:
Note: A sworn interpreter is both a translator and/or interpreter (this is
an anachronism, i.e. a label attached to the two different modes by
people who make the law but know nothing about our profession).
This is going to be changed with the pending new legislation (Act), so
the sworn translator will be differentiated from the sworn interpreter.
120-600 CZK per page (1 page = 1800 signs including spaces)
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 0.39%
1,560 people
None
None
None
Taxation status: Independent-worker status in most cases.
Not known.
No legal requirements. In general all government institutions would prefer
people with a university degree in languages, translation or the specific
field (like law etc.) Some institutions (the Czech Parliament, the Office of
the President...) require interpreters to be members of ASKOT, which is a
selective association with a certain quality guarantee. But most other
government institutions order translations and/or interpretation via
translation companies that have won some tender with the lowest price
and there is almost no possible control on who is actually doing the job.
In-house translators in some state institutions are supposed to have the
appropriate qualification, which is [given by] the Institute of Translation
Studies at Charles University in Prague.
Sworn translators and interpreters are certified by the regional courts or
the Ministry of Justice (www.justice.cz).
Certification is for life.
Candidates must have a Masters degree in Translation or Modern
Languages, or have passed an exam at the Prague Language School
for Accreditation for State Language Examinations (www.sjs.cz).
Not known.
Komora soudních tlumočníků České republiky (KST ČR) (Chamber of
Court Appointed Interpreters and Translators of the Czech Republic).
www.kstcr.cz. Founded 1996
Jednoty tlumočníků a překladatelů (Union of Interpreters and Translators)
(JTP) www.jtpunion.org. Founded in 1990; in 2011 it had 590-600 members
(30 in Slovakia and some 40 in other countries)
Obec prekladatelu (OP) (Literary Translators’ Guild),
http://www.obecprekladatelu.cz/en. “In 1992 the Guild initiated and
produced The Unmentionables: Banned Translators, 1948-1989, a
reference manual listing the real authors of 662 literary translations dating
from the period of political and cultural oppression when best Czech
translators, writers, journalists, scholars and other intellectuals depended
on the courage, dedication and conspiracy of friends to publish and
sustain an existence.” (website)
Asociace konferenčních tlumočníků (ASKOT) (Conference Interpreters’
Association) www.askot.cz
Translation company
České komory tlumočníků znakového jazyka (ČKTZJ) (Sign Language
Interpreters’ Association): www.cktzj.com.
Asociace českých překladatelských agentur (ACTA) (Association of
9
associations:
Czech Translation Agencies) http://www.acta-cz.org. It had six members
in 2011.
Informants:
Eva Gorgolová, Chair, Chamber of the Court Appointed Interpreters and
Translators of the Czech Republic.
Zuzana Jettmarová, Charles University, Prague.
Amalaine Diabova, President, JTP.
10
DENMARK
Population: 5.5 m.
GDP:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand:
Official language:
Terms for translators:
Danish
oversætter (translator, not protected), translatør or statsautoriseret
translatør (state-authorized translator/interpreter, protected title)
Range of fees:
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
None
None
None
Not known.
Not known.
Not known.
Authorised translators are certified by the Danish Commerce and
Companies Agency (Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen) – an agency of the
Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs:
http://www.dcca.dk/sw63078.asp
Usually, an MA in specialised translation/interpreting, which can currently
be obtained from either the Copenhagen Business School (CBS) or the
former Aarhus School of Business (ASB, which recently merged with
Aarhus University). Graduates from this programme – which is supervised
and controlled by the Danish Translators’ Commission
(Translatørkommissionen) – have more or less direct access to become
state authorized translators (translatør). It requires an application and the
payment of a fee.
It is also possible to obtain the qualifications elsewhere, sit an exam and
thus obtain the authorisation without actually holding the MA in
specialised translation/interpreting. This option is less frequently used and
exists only for those languages for which there is no master's degree
program at the aforementioned Danish business schools, e.g. Polish,
Icelandic, Arabic or Finnish.
The certification is for life, unless there is malpractice or other serious
circumstances.
For which type of documents: Documents in Danish that must have legal
effect in other countries and for documents in a foreign language that
must have legal effect in Denmark. For other documents, authorized
translations are not necessary, but are sometimes used anyway.
Not known.
Translatørforeningen (Danish Translators’ Association):
http://translatorforeningen.dk/
Danske Translatører (Danish Translators): http://www.dtfb.dk/, formed in
1990 as break-out from the Translatørforeningen.
The associations negotiate minimum fees for translating and interpreting
in the institutions under the Ministry of Justice with that Ministry.
Professional indemnity insurance can be obtained at a favourable
price through the associations, and they also offer courses at a
favourable price.
Forfatterforeningen (Writers association) http://www.danskforfatterforening.dk/
Forum for Billedmedieoversættere (screen translation, section of Danish
Journalists) - http://fbo-dj.dk/
There is also a trade union that organises translators and (many) other
language and communication specialists: Kommunikation og Sprog
(Communication and Languages) -
11
http://www.kommunikationogsprog.dk/
Translation company
associations:
Informants:
Documents:
Sammenslutningen (Association of Danish Translation Companies):
http://www.datc.dk/
Helle V. Dam, Aarhus University.
Dee Shields, Executive Committee Member, Danske Translatører.
Jørgen Christian Wind Nielsen, employee of Forbundet Kommunikation
og Sprog, personal member of Translatørforeningen, and a FIT volunteer.
Dam, Helle V. & Karen Korning Zethsen (2008): “Translator status - a study
of Danish company translators”. The Translator 14(1), pp. 71-96.
Dam, Helle V. & Karen Korning Zethsen (2009a): “Who said low status? A
study on factors affecting the perception of translator status”. In:
JoSTrans - The Journal of Specialised Translation 12, pp. 2-36.
http://www.jostrans.org/issue12/art_dam_zethsen.pdf
Dam, Helle V. & Karen Korning Zethsen (2009b): ”Translators and (lack of)
power: A study of Danish company translators’ occupational status”. In:
Language at Work – Bridging Theory and Practice 6.
http://www.languageatwork.eu/readarticle.php?article_id=27
Dam, Helle V. & Karen Korning Zethsen (2010): “Translator status – helpers
and opponents in the ongoing battle of an emerging profession”. Target.
International Journal of Translation Studies 22(2), pp. 194-211.
Dam, Helle V. & Karen Korning Zethsen (in progress): “Translators in
international organizations: a special breed of high-status professionals?
Danish EU translators as a case in point”. Submitted for publication
September 2011.
Dam, Helle V. & Karen Korning Zethsen (forthcoming): “The status of
professional business translators on the Danish market: A comparative
study of company, agency and freelance translators”. Accepted for
publication in Meta.
12
FINLAND
Population: 5.3 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Finnish, Swedish
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator
associations:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 7.74 m
None
None
None
Not known
Not known
Not known
The authorization or certification of the translator is granted by a board,
on the basis of an examination (or, in exceptional cases, on the basis of
completion of required study module as part of university translator
training). The board is under the auspices of the Ministry of Education,
and consists of representatives of different languages, academics,
professional translators, and representatives of the legal profession and
the translators’ association. The examination is hard, and the pass rate
low. It consists of two translations (one is a legal / administrative text, the
second is a choice of economic, technical or medical test), plus a
multiple choice part on the legal aspects of authorized translation,
which requires fairly detailed knowledge of the relevant laws and
statutes. To get authorization on the basis of university studies alone, the
studies must include a module on these legal details.
Authorization is granted for periods of five years at a time. There is a fee.
To get another five years, there must be evidence that you have worked
as an authorized translator in the previous period and are otherwise
qualified (you are not certified as insane, for instance).
Not known
Translation company
associations:
The Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters http://www.sktl.fi/in-english/
It brings some status, and helps market your skills. It helps to host an
annual conference with a university, publishes an excellent journal,
and fosters a sense of community that links academic and
professionals. It helps with translation contracts, arbitration etc., and
fights to stop fees being dumped. Legal help, yes; not, I think, insurance
or healthcare.
Association of Finnish Translation Companies http://www.sktol.org/en/index.html
Expert informant:
Andrew Chesterman, University of Helsinki
13
FRANCE
Population: 62.6 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
French
traducteur, traducteur assermenté, traducteur interprète en Justice
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Translation company
associations:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 85.02 m
None
None
None
Pour éviter d’avoir affaire à des travailleurs au noir il est souvent
demandé de présenter un justificatif URSSAF (caisse de cotisation
nationale des travailleurs).
Not known
Not known
Une commission ad hoc à l’intérieur de chaque Cour d’appel [grants
the authorization or certification of the translator]. Ils évaluent les
compétences du traducteur candidat et sa motivation sur la base d’un
dossier que le candidat leur a envoyé. Ils tiennent compte des diplômes
(mais pas nécessaires) et de plus en plus de Cours d’appel font attention
maintenant à ce que le traducteur soit installé légalement. Mais il faut
qu’il y ait une réelle demande pour le couple de langues choisi.
(Ceci outre l’usage permanent, par certains services de police, de
traducteurs interprètes qui figurent sur leurs listes ou de traducteurs
interprètes quasi attitrés qui ne figurent sur aucune liste.) Une loi de 2004
instaure une formation annuelle obligatoire et la réinscription
quinquennale. Toutefois cette loi ne prévoit le moindre test du candidat,
encore moins un entretien avec le candidat.
Le candidat sélectionné reste pendant deux ans à titre probatoire,
ensuite sa candidature est analysée tous les 5 ans. Tous les ans un expert
traducteur/interprète doit présenter un rapport au magistrat qui le suit
en indiquant toutes les expertises qu’il a effectuées et les formations
suivies. Faute de formation et/ou d’expertise il peut ne pas voir son
inscription aux listes des experts reconduite.
For which type of documents? Pour tout ce qui est document official
(actes d’état civil, jugement rendus par les tribunaux, actes notariés,
etc.) et dans certaines traductions des entreprises notamment dans les
documents officiels à l’attention des associés étrangers.
Il existe un dispositif européen de validation des acquis par l’expérience
(VAE) mais il faut quand même passer par l’université tôt ou tard. Pour
les experts traducteurs et interprètes il existe une liste « parallèle »
appelée la liste du Procureur, qui n’est pas une liste officielle et sur
laquelle figurent des traducteurs qui ont gagné la confiance des
instances judiciaires.
SFT (Société Française des traducteurs) secretariat@sft.fr, www.sft.fr
ATLF (Association des traducteurs littéraires de France) www.atlf.org
ATAA (Association des Traducteurs et Adaptateurs de l'Audiovisuel)
www.traducteurs-av.org
CRETA (Chambre Régionale des Experts-Traducteurs Assermentés
d'Alsace) www.creta-france.com (représente actuellement une des
organisations les plus importantes de traducteurs interprètes en Justice
en France, malgré son statut régional)
Union Nationale des Experts Traducteurs-Interprètes près les Cours
d'Appel (UNETICA) www.unetica.fr
Not known.
14
Informants:
Documents:
Teresa Intrieri, SFT, Expert près la Cour d'Appel de Nîmes.
Georges Moukheiber, président de la CRETA.
Moukheiber, Georges. “Le statut et l'utilisation de traducteurs et
interprètes en justice en France”
15
GERMANY
Population: 82.1 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
German
Übersetzer, Staatlich geprüfter Übersetzer, Diplom-Übersetzer
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Translation company
associations:
Informant:
Publications:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 116.98m
4.27%
None
None
None
Translators are part of the “Freie Berufe” (liberal professions). In the order
regarding judicial fees, translators are mentioned under
“Sachverständige” (area experts).
Not known.
Needed is a university degree, i.e. Diplom-Übersetzer or recently
Master of Translation. There is no law whatsoever. But it is a standard,
they look for qualified people. In some cases, at urgent need, they will
also take a non-qualified person for a specific task, especially when it is
cheaper. But to get an employment you will need an academic
degree. Experience of many years of work, this was accepted thirty
years ago as a qualification, but no longer now. They will [also] require at
least two foreign languages, but not by law.
Certification is issued by local courts on the basis of a recognized
qualification and a character reference. The certification is regulated by
individual Länder (administrative regions).
Certification is permanent but is not automatically recognized across
Länder. So if the translator moves to a different Land, they must reapply.
[We also have additional documents about the certification of sworn
translators in Hamburg and a comparison chart between all German
Länder.]
Each Land has a high-level non-university exam (Staatliche Prüfung)
recognized by the state.
BDÜ Bundesverband der Dolmetscher und Übersetzer (BDÜ)
www.bdue.de
“Over 7000 members“, “75% of the professionally organised translators
and interpreters in Germany” (website). Members are listed on the BDÜ
website. Member of the FIT.
Fachverband der Berufsübersetzer und Berufsdolmetscher (ATICOM)
www.aticom.de. Member of the FIT.
Verband deutschsprachiger Übersetzer literarischer und
wissenschaftlicher Werke (VdÜ), www.literaturuebersetzer.de
Assoziierte Dolmetscher und Übersetzer in Norddeutschland (ADÜ Nord)
www.adue-nord.de. Member of the FIT.
Verband der Übersetzer und Dolmetscher (VÜD) www.vued.de
Some associations offer special healthcare plans and insurance benefits.
Verband der Übersetzungsbüros (VÜ), www.vdue.de
Dr. Radegundis Stolze, PhD, Diplom-Übersetzerin, BDÜ.
Dalügge-Momme, Natacha. 2009a. Loi de la ville libre et hanséatique
de Hambourg relative aux interprètes et traducteurs – un modèle pour
l’Europe? http://www.eulita.eu/loi-de-la-ville-libre-et-hanseatique-dehambourg-relative-aux-interpretes-et-traducteurs-un-modele. Accessed
October 2011.
Dalügge-Momme, Natacha. 2009b. Beeidigung - Vereidigung -
16
Ermächtigung - Ländervergleich Stand August 2009. Annex to 2009a.
17
GREECE
Population: 11.3 m.
GDP:
Official language:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Greek
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 15.55 m
None
None
None
Taxation law divides workforce into two categories: salaried, including
most cases of in-house translators, and self-employed, including
freelance translators.
Salaried workers: The social security institution for salaried workers is the
Social Insurance Institute (IKA). IKA groups in-house translators along with
desk clerks, administrative personnel, without a specific mention.
Self-employed people: Freelance translators must first declare their
profession at the tax office where they belong. There is a specific “tax
code” (category) for translators, interpreters and editors but it is up to
the freelancer to include one or all three professions in their statement
and professional stamp. Without this statement they may not register
with their insurance institution, the Insurance Organisation for the Selfemployed (OAEE).
Taxation law in general considers translators (and interpreters) as serviceproviders, similar to doctors, lawyers, poets, writers, artists. It also
acknowledges their rights in intellectual property.
None.
Until recently, calls for translator posts in the public sector, published in
the National Gazette, asked for candidates with a degree from
secondary-level education (ΔΕ), i.e. an “Apolytirion” from Lyceum.
Following legal action from members of the Panhellenic Association of
Professional Translators Graduates of the Ionian University (ΠΕΕΜΠΙΠ),
recent calls ask for candidates with tertiary-level education (ΠΕ). This
description includes:
1. Graduates of the School for Modern Languages, Translation and
Interpreting, Ionian University at Corfu
2. Graduates from universities abroad who hold a university
degree in translation recognised by our National Academic
Recognition Information Centre (Hellenic NARIC, ΔΟΑΤΑΠ).
These translation graduates (BA level) still sit through a few
exams at Corfu during normal exam periods so that their degree
can be considered "equivalent" to our 4-year BA in the eyes of
the Greek law.
The State has the right to include university graduates from foreign
language departments with an MA in translation and to ask for written
exams.
An exception: Hellenic Armed Forces require a university degree in
translation or foreign languages from candidates for their (permanent)
translation posts (Law 2913/2011, Presidential Decree 300/2002).
In principle, official translations are certified by lawyers and notaries, not
translators (but see “Further comments” below)..
In 2008, an initiative by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to establish a “Body
of Sworn Translators” was passed in Parliament, but the law, known as
the “Kassimis law”, remains inactive to date.
Ministerial Decisions 1856/1998 on the organization and function of the
Translation Service (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and 1855/1998 on selection
of personnel for said Translation Service, this authority provides valid
translations and certifies these translations, as well as and documents
issued in Greece by foreign diplomatic authorities, for all Greek citizens.
The Decisions were later modified by Law 3566/2007.
18
Translator associations
Translation company
associations:
Further comments:
Informant:
Panhellenic Association of Translators (PAT) www.pem.gr. Founded in
1963; member of FIT.
Panhellenic Association of Professional Translators Graduates of the
Ionian University (ΠΕΕΜΠΙΠ) (www.peempip.gr). Founded in 2003.3)
Body of Select Translators-Interpreters (inactive)
Panhellenic Association of Professional Translators (ΠΣΕΜ) (inactive)
Hellenic Society of Translators of Literature (EEMΛ)
Panhellenic Association of Public Sector Translators &
Translators/Interpreters (ΠΕΜΜΕΔΗΤ)
Society of Greek Playwrights, Musicians and Translators
(http://www.eeths.gr). Founded in 1894; current form as Society since
1917.
Association of Translators-Editors-Proofreaders
(http://syllogosmed.blogspot.com), Founded in 2009.
Hellenic Association of Translation Agencies (ΠΑΣΜΕΕ/HATC)
http://www.pasmee.gr/, member of the European Union of Associations
of Translation Companies.
With respect to graduate translators of the Department of Foreign
Languages, Translation and Interpreting of the Ionian University (Corfu)
and graduate translators of EU-based universities with a degree
equivalence certificate issued by the competent authority of the Greek
Ministry of Education, Presidential Decree 169 of 17/06/2002 (National
Gazette 156/2.7.02), stipulates that the graduate translators of the Ionian
University are considered to be certified translators having the right to
produce official translations for the public and private authorities in
Greece and abroad.
Since 2005, PEEMPIP has successfully negotiated the inclusion of
provisions for the acceptance of certified translations by public
authorities. Thus the graduate translators of the Department of Foreign
Languages, Translation and Interpreting of the Ionian University are
specifically mentioned as having the right to produce certified
translations of private documents, along with the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and lawyers (who may be required or not to prove their linguistic
knowledge by local Bar Associations). PEEMPIP issues specific instructions
on the stamp formats, document templates and declarations to be used
in certified translations.
PEEMPIP has noted the following:
a) Greek Ministries seem unwilling to legislatively regulate the system of
certified translations in Greece, possibly because it is considered a
horizontal issue not pertaining to the competences of a single ministry,
but requiring the co-ordination of multiple ministries. The one attempt to
do so, Law 3712 (Kassimis Law) on the organisation of state certified
translations, disregarded graduate and postgraduate translators,
created a “closed profession” and raised serious competition law issues.
Although Law 3712 is inactive, it was drafted without consultation with
the interested parties and in such a way that it maintained the status of
translators working with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, even when those
translators have no standard translation qualifications.
b) There is a lack of legislation regarding complaint logging mechanisms,
disciplinary mechanisms and penalties. This means that privately
established associations are able to certify their own members and
arbitrarily declare their “right” to certify the translation of private
documents, misleading the public. Such associations need only the
minimum number of members required by law (currently 25 members for
non-profit associations) and may serve the business interests of individual
translation agencies.
Kyriaki Kourouni, Aristotle University
19
HUNGARY
Population: 10.0 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Hungarian
fordító (translator) / hites fordító (sworn/certified/authorised translator)
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 8.00 m
None
None
None
Not known.
The only special mention made of translators is in the Standard
Occupational Classification and the Standard Industrial Classification.
In theory, translators require a Masters in Translation in order to work for
the government. There is doubt as to whether this is actually applied,
since many administrations outsource to private companies, who do not
always insist on a degree in translation.
Any translator hired by the government, whether for a single assignment
or for a long-term project, needs to produce a masters degree in
Translation. Of course, some clients (ministers, secretaries of state) tend
to ignore this requirement for reasons that only they know…
Hungary does not have sworn translators but a government agency
called National Office for Translation and Attestation (in acronym: OFFI).
OFFI has a monopoly on issuing certified translations and authenticating
translations prepared by other agencies or individuals. The relevant law
does not specify any document as one subject to attestation.
The only exception we make is with translators of “small languages”
(Vietnamese, Mongolian, Pashtu, etc.), who are so few and normally
hard to encourage to do the job for what they perceive as a miserable
rate that we are happy if they have completed any university training or,
at least, the GCSE.
Not known.
Magyar Fordítók és Tolmácsok Egyesülete (Association of Hungarian
Translators and Interpreters) - http://www.mfte.hu
Association of Hungarian Literary Translators - http://muforditok.hu/
http://www.fordit.hu (online community for translating and interpreting
making connection between clients and translators, interpreters)
Translation company
associations:
Magyarországi Fordítóirodák Egyesülete (Association of Hungarian
Translation Companies) - www.mfe.hu
Informants:
Ágnes Somló, Pázmány Péter Catholic University.
Péter Iván Horváth.
20
IRELAND
Population: 4.5 m.
GDP: 55 (2009)
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
English, Irish
Other certification
systems:
Latent demand: 7.85m.
10.00 - ?? euro per A4 page
0.04 - ?? euro per word
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Purchasing power: 2.1
None
None
None
None
None
Not known
There is no need for translators to be sworn or authorised. All they need is
a stamp with their name and language combination. The authorities in
Ireland insist on stamps on legal documents.
The Irish Translators’ and Interpreters’ Association (ITIA) holds
examinations once a year for professional members who wish to be ITIA
certified translators. This system was established by the association
because there was no system in place in Ireland. There are now certified
translators for French, German, Italian Polish, Russian and Spanish.
Translator associations
Irish Translators’ and Interpreters’ Association (ITIA) www.translatorsassociation.ie
Translation company
associations:
Not known
Informant:
Mary Phelan, ITIA
21
ITALY
Population: 60.0 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Italian
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 74.07 m
None
None
None
None
None
“Academic qualifications are required to work at the national level and
in international organisations.”
There is no exam, and no one who can actually verify your translation.
The translator goes to the courthouse with the original and his translation,
and the court clerk makes you sign a declaration where you swear to
have translated “faithfully”. And then puts a stamp on every page.
There are no “continuing education” credits in Italy, or a system of
verification of credentials. Once you're on the list, you can be called
anytime, even after many years.
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
For which type of documents? Usually for legal documents that have to
be presented abroad, or foreign documents that have to be translated
in Italian and presented to the Italian authorities. I can't really give you a
list, usually school transcripts, birth certificates, wills, marriage certificates
etc.
You can register with the Chamber of Commerce, but there is no ALBO
(professional registry) of Interpreters and Translators in Italy. At the court
house you would register in the “Albo dei Periti” (registry of technical
experts, where are also doctors, engineers and so on).
AITI (Associazione Italiana Traduttori e Interpreti) - http://www.aiti.org
ASSO INTERPRETI (conference interpreters) - http://www.assointerpreti.it
ASSITIG - http://www.interpretigiudiziari.org
ANITI - http://www.aniti.itANITI - http://www.aniti.it
Translation company
associations:
Informants:
Chiara Salce, MIIS.
Flavia Vecchione, A.N.T.I.M.I. (Associazione Nazionale traduttori e
interpreti del Ministero dell’Interno).
22
LATVIA
Population: 2.2 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Latvian
Tulkotājs (written translator); Zverināts tulkotājs (sworn translator)
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 1.182 m
None
None
None
None
None
Translators need a professional translator diploma in order to be
employed by the Latvian government, however [the informant] met
some translators in municipalities without translators diploma.
None.
Translations are legalised by a public notary. Translators must show the
notary a degree attesting their knowledge of the foreign language, and
the notary then certifies the translator’s signature.
None.
Translator associations
In 2011, attempts were being made to found a Latvian Association of
Translators and Interpreters.
Translation company
associations:
Not known.
Informant:
Sergejs Polanskis.
23
LITHUANIA
Population: 3.3 m.
GDP: 55 (2009)
Purchasing power: 2.1
Latent capacity: 2.79m.
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Lithuanian
vertėjas (masc.), vertėja (fem.). There are no sworn or state-authorised
translators in Lithuania, but a suggested term is “atestuotieji vertėjai”
(pl.)
Range of fees:
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
None
None
None
Special health and social security scheme for authors, which includes
literary translations.
No specific requirement.
[Government institutions] check the educational background and in
many cases even organise a competition test. Sometimes the
announcement for a position includes a requirement for academic
qualifications.
There is no certification system.
Not known.
Lithuanian Association of Literary Translators, www.llvs.lt,
literaturosvertejai@yahoo.com
Membership benefits include a special health and social security
scheme for authors, which includes literary translations.
Translators may become members of the association after they have
published two literary translations.
Translators’ Trade Union “Solidarumas”. It provides legal services.
Lithuanian Translators’ Guild (they are in Facebook)
Translation company
associations:
Informants:
There is no association of technical or legal translators.
Association of Translation Agencies - www.vertimubiurai.lt
Jurgita Mikutyte, President of the Lithuanian Association of Literary
Translators.
Nijole Maskaliuniene, Head of the Department of Translation and
Interpretation Studies, Vilnius University.
24
LUXEMBOURG
Population: 0.5 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
French, German, and Luxembourgish
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 1.68 m
None
None
None
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Not known.
Not known.
Not known.
Other certification
systems:
Not known.
Translator associations
Not known.
Translation company
associations:
Not known.
Informant:
Polyxeni Kanelliadou, Professeur adjoint à l’Université Aristote de
Thessalonique (Grèce), Faculté des lettres, Département de langue et
de littérature italiennes – Interprète-traductrice assermentée près la Cour
Supérieure de Justice du Grand-duché de Luxembourg
References:
Kanelliadou, Polyxeni. “La procédure de certification des traducteurs et
interprètes assermentés au Grand-duché de Luxembourg: situation
actuelle et perspectives”. Paper presented at the DIXIEME FORUM
INTERNATIONAL SUR LA DEONTOLOGIE ET LES BONNES PRATIQUES. Paris
19-21 May 2011.
Les conditions générales d'inscription sur les listes d'experts, traducteurs
et interprètes assermentés:
Toute personne diplômée en langues peut obtenir l’accréditation
auprès du Ministère de la Justice sur une simple demande, sur la base
d’un dossier contenant une copie des diplômes homologués par l’Etat
du Grand-duché de Luxembourg qui atteste la connaissance d’une ou
plusieurs langues. En cas d’acceptation de la demande, le demandeur
est invité à prêter serment devant une Chambre de la Cour Supérieure
de Justice sur la base d’un arrêté ministériel pris une à deux fois par an.
[Further bibliography in the above document.]
25
MALTA
Population: 0.4 m.
GDP:
Official language:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Maltese
Purchasing power:
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Latent demand: 0.4 m
None
None
None
No specific recognition.
No specific recognition.
With EU accession, the demand for government translators has grown
faster than the supply, so translators have been employed without
regard for qualifications.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs certifies sworn translators “on the basis of
work already carried out and experience”.
None
Translator associations
Translation company
associations:
None
None
Informant:
Janet Mallia, translator.
26
NORWAY
Population: 4.8 m.
GDP:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 10.75 m
Official language:
Terms for translators:
Norwegian
Translator (not protected), Fagoversetter (protected), Statsautoriseert
translator (protected and can only be used by authorised translators).
Range of fees:
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
None
None
None
Translators are mentioned in the regulations describing various types of
employment contracts (authors and translators are mentioned as one
category).
Translators who receive royalties belong to the category of selfemployed workers.
National statistics : two categories in the taxonomy of professions:
translator and professional translator. The latter title corresponds to the
title of a four-year study programme in translation that no longer exists.
No special qualifications are needed to work as a translator for the
government (outside of the justice system).
The certification is granted by the Norges Handelshøyskole (Norwegian
School of Economics and Business Administration) on the basis of the
National Translator Accreditation Exam. As of 2011, this is a written-only
examination, with four texts (four subject areas) to be translated to and
from the foreign languages.
Certification is for life.
More info: http://www.nhh.no/en/research---faculty/department-ofprofessional-and-intercultural-communication/statsautoriserttranslatøreksamen/the-national-translator-accreditation-exam.aspx
More info: http://www.nhh.no/en/research---faculty/department-ofprofessional-and-intercultural-communication/statsautoriserttranslatøreksamen/the-national-translator-accreditation-exam.aspx
Not known
Norwegian Association of Literary Translators http://www.oversetterforeningen.no/index.php?name=English
(post@translators.no)
Membership has to be approved by a skill council (Faglig Råd).
Statsautoriserte translatørforening (Association of Government
Authorized Translators in Norway) - www.statsaut-translator.no
(post@statsaut-translator.no)
Norwegian Association of Audiovisual Translators http://www.navio.no/old/navioengelsk.html (post@navio.no)
Non-Fiction Writers and Translators Organisation http://www.nffo.no/eng/default.aspx (post@nffo.no)
Norwegian Interpreters' Association (styret@tolkeforeningen.no)
Translation company
associations:
All [or most of] the above associations provide scholarships and legal
services to their members.
Not known
27
Informants:
Thomas Lundbo, Vice Chair, Norwegian Association of Literary
Translators.
Sunniva Whittaker, University of Bergen.
Cecilia Alvstad, , University of Oslo.
Ase Johnsen, University of Bergen.
28
POLAND
Population: 38.1 m.
GDP:
Official language:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Polish
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 26.29 m
None
None
None
Authors of published translations are entitled to deduct 50% of their
royalties before taxes.
Translation is recognised as a separate type of activity with a separate
code in the Polish Classification of Business Activity (previously it had a
joint code with secretarial services).
Not known.
Since 2004, certification is given by the Polish Ministry of Justice, based
on an examination that tests both translation and interpretation out of
and into the candidate’s native language.
Prior to 2004: regional courts based on assessment of applications or
examination (depending on the region).
Certification is granted for life unless the authorisation is suspended or
withdrawn due to professional misconduct or other reasons specified in
the Sworn Translator Act (e.g. failure to perform [certified translation]
activities for a period of over 3 years).
None
TEPIS (Polish Society of Sworn and Specialised Translators) / national
www.tepis.org.pl
STP - Stowarzyszenie Tlumaczy Polskich (Polish Society of Translators) /
national: www.stp.org.pl
BST - Baltyckie Stowarzyszenie Tlumaczy (Baltic Association of
Translators) /local: http://www.bst.org.pl/
STAW - Stowarzyszenie Tlumaczy Audiowizualnych (The Audiovisual
Translators’ Association): zarzad@staw.org.pl
Translation company
associations:
Informant:
Membership benefits may include insurance.
Not known
Łucja Biel, Department of Translation Studies, Institute of English, University
of Gdansk.
Danuta Kierzkowska , President, TEPIS.
29
PORTUGAL
Population: 10.7 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Portuguese
Tradutor
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 9.55 m
None
None
None
In terms of social security systems, translators are considered to be liberal
professionals, i.e. freelancers.
The Portuguese Classification of Economic Activities (CAE, Classificação
Portuguesa de Actividades Económicas) recognizes translation as a
valid economic activity. It is possible to know how many people are
"colectados" in the Finanças, i.e. provided they are registered in the Tax
Department with the relevant CAE code, it is possible to get an idea of
how many people operate in the market. But it is not possible to know
how many "professional" translators are registered.
When applying for a position in the public administration that includes
translation work, the candidate has to have specific academic
qualifications.
[Contradictory answer:]
There is no special requirement to work as a translator for the Portuguese
government, inside or outside the justice system.
Translators are not certified; translations of official documents are. In
accordance with Decree-Law no. 237/2001, the translation is certified by
a notary or lawyer.
When working in court, translators are supposed to swear officially in
front of the judge or staff, although this is a formality.
None.
Associação Portuguesa de Tradutores (Portuguese Translator’s
Association) (APT) http://www.apt.pt
No professional certification is required to become a member of the
association except submission of proof of having translated in the past,
and filling out a questionnaire where years of experience, languages
and areas of expertise are specified. The association seems to be more
associated with literary translation.
Conselho Nacional de tradução (CNT), created in 2005 by the APT, the
APET, and training institutions in Portugal.
APTIJUR
Translation company
associations:
Informants:
Associação Portuguesa de Intérpretes de Conferência
http://www.apic.org.pt/
Associação Portuguesa de Empresas de Tradução (Association of
Translation Companies) (APET ) http://www.apet.pt
Associates can benefit from special liability insurance.
Susana Valdez Sengo, Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
Fernando Ferreira Alves, Universidade do Minho, Vice-President of
Conselho Nacional de Tradução.
Stephen Dyson, professional translator, Lisbon.
30
ROMANIA
Population: 21.3 m
GDP: 161
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Romanian
Traducator, Traducator autorizat
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of
sworn
translators:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 0.39%
1,267 people
None
None
None
Not known.
Certified translators must apply for a Code of Fiscal Identification from the local
administration. They also have to buy an invoice book from the recommended
shops. They thus become an "authorized translator" (traducator autorizat).
Not known.
Not known.
There are no sworn translators as such, although translators can be certified by
the Ministry of Justice if they have a B.A degree (or equivalent) in a foreign
language from a higher education institution in Romania. They are then listed in
the national register
(http://www.just.ro/MeniuStanga/Listapersoanelorautorizate/Traducatori/
tabid/129/Default.aspx) as translators and interpreters and can be summoned
when necessary for court. To 2011, a total of 32,856 people had been certified
as translators and interpreters (the Ministry makes no distinction between the
two).
Alternatively, translators can be certified if they produce proof of a bilingual
high school graduation with teaching in the language for which certification is
applied for, or is certified by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage
(through its Centre for professional training in culture - Centrul de pregatire
profesionala in cultura) upon successful completion of a written translation test
that is organized regularly. The test consists of translating a 2000-word text with
bilingual dictionaries (http://www.examentraducator.ro/); there is no special
test for interpreting. This means that academic qualification is not required in
this case.
Both these modes of certification apply to both translators and interpreters.
Translators can be certified in many different fields, not just in law or legal texts.
Translations are legalized by a notary public, thus becoming “traduceri
legalizate”. They may also be accompanied by the signature and round seal
of the certified translator (technically making them “traduceri autorizate”),
although this is not obligatory.
Other
certification
systems:
Law 178/1995 regarding the authorization of translators and interpreters does
not include provisions regarding continuous professional development. The
certification can be withdrawn in the following situations (according to Law
281 / 2004 Art. No. 6): the translator or interpreter has been convicted through
a final decision for an offence committed with intent; for lack of professional
skills, as notified in writing by the beneficiary; in the case of court translators or
interpreters, for consistent and unmotivated refusal to offer the services
required.
Not known.
31
Translator
associations
Asociaţia traducătorilor din România (ATR) www.atr.org.ro. Founded in 2006. Its
newsletter is reported to have 1,938 subscribers (2011). A full member
(membru aderant) must have a degree or diploma and should be working as
professional; a junior member (membru debutant) usually only has a degree or
diploma and is just starting to work professionally. They can be junior members
for three years.
Uniunea Naţională a Traducătorilor autorizaţi din România (Certified
Translators’ National Association) http://www.untar.ro/ or
http://urbo.ro/servicii-publice/uniunea-nationala-traducatorilor-autorizati-dinromania-untar-60664
Translation
company
associations:
These are strictly professional organizations involved in dissemination and
exchange of information, fostering professional development, and presenting
job opportunities.
Asociaţia Firmelor de Interpretariat şi Traduceri din România (AFIT România)
(http://www.afit.ro) was founded in 2005 and is a member of EUATC.
Association of Romanian Translation Agencies – Asociatia Birourilor de
Traduceri din Romania (http://www.abtr.ro/ro/) published annual reports on
the size and growth of the translation sector, showing that there are three
distinct tiers in the size of the companies. Their code of ethics applied to
companies, not to translators. In 2010 they were incorporated into AFIT
România.
Informants:
Documents:
Teodora Ghivirigă, Al. I. Cuza University of Iasi.
Oana Bargan, Certified Translator.
Dr. Catalina Iliescu Gheorghiu, PhD, Universitat d’Alacant.
Dr. Daniel Dejica, PhD, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania.
Anca Greere, University of Cluj Napoca.
Greere, Anca. 2010. “Translation in Romania: Steps towards recognition and
professionalization” Meta 55/4: 789-816.
http://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2010/v55/n4/index.html
32
SLOVAKIA
Population: 5.4 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Slovak
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Purchasing power:
Latent demand:
None
None
None
Not known.
Not known.
Not known.
The Ministry of Justice of the Slovak Republic is officially responsible for
sworn translators and administrates the database of such translators. It
usually authorises translation institutes to organise exams. These institutes
are usually situated at universities and the number of such official
institutes may change. Overall conditions for getting certification are
rather vague.
The certification is maintained through exams once every 5 years,
updating courses and activities.
Not known.
SSPOL (The Slovak Society of Translators of Scientific and Technical
Literature) www.sspol.sk
SSPUL (Slovak Literary Translators´ Society) www.sspul.sk
SAPT (Slovak Association of Translators and Interpreters) www.sapt.sk
Translation company
associations:
Not known.
Informant:
Martin Djovčoš, PhD, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.
33
SLOVENIA
Population: 2.0 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Slovene
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 2.39 m
None for freelancers.
Translation companies that adhere to the standard
EN 15038 can only sell translations that are done by
translators who have a university degree and three
years of experience in the field of translation.
None
None
Translators can acquire a status of “Self-employed workers in culture” - in
such a case, the state pays all social insurance from the budget, if they
can prove that they have limited income (e.g. they can have this status
in 2011 if they earned less than 21.605,70 EUR gross in 2010).
Not known.
In order to be employed at various government translation services, you
have to have a university degree (in translation or language).
The Ministry of Justice gives this certification on the basis of an exam.
Amongst others the Judicial Training Centre is responsible for organizing
preparatory legal seminars for court interpreters, assessors and
evaluators, written and oral exams as well as appointing court
interpreters and court experts (assessors & evaluators).
Certification is for life.
The Association of Scientific and Technical Translators of Slovenia has
recently introduced the possibility to take a certification exam – the
certification, however, is not obligatory and not demanded by any
employer.
Association of Scientific and Technical Translators of Slovenia,
http://www.dztps.si/
Slovenian Association of Conference Interpreters,
http://www.zkts.si/news.php
Association of Literary Translators of Slovenia, http://www.dskpdrustvo.si/
Association of Interpreters for the Slovene Sign Language,
http://www.tolmaci.si/?id=3&c=21
Translation company
associations:
The Slovenian Association of Translation Companies (SATC) was founded
in 2008 and has 27 member companies. It has applied to become a
member of EUATC.
Expert informant:
Documents:
Nike K. Pokorn, University of Ljublana.
Kunc, Viktorija Osolnik. “Court interpreters and sworn translators of legal
language - The case of Slovenia”
34
SPAIN
Population: 46.7 m.
GDP:
Purchasing power:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Spanish (Castilian), Catalan, Basque, Galician
traductor, traductor jurado (sworn translator)
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Latent demand: 56.57 m
None
None
None
Freelance translators can be recognized in the taxation system and the
social security under this figure: we can issue invoices and we have
specific duties with the Spanish tax system (besides paying the VAT every
three months we also have to pay a monthly fee in order to be quoted
in the Social Security).
In the Special Regime for Self-Employed Workers (Régimen de
Trabajadores Autónomos) there is a specific recognition for translators
and interpreters (more precisely, epigraph 774 / section 2).
Specific qualifications are not usually needed to work in public or private
sectors (translators might be required to certify their experience or some
“related qualifications” in languages, but not a degree or graduate
course in translation).
The Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation is the body that
awards the certification of Sworn Translators [into Castilian Spanish] in
Spain. Candidates to become sworn translators have to pass a written
exam that is called on a yearly basis by the Ministry. Candidates who
have a degree in Translation and Interpreting and those applicants who
have been recognized as sworn translators in another country of the EU
can be automatically recognized as sworn translators in Spain without
passing the exam of the Ministry.
In Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country the regional
administration can appoint sworn translators who will work with the
corresponding language of the Autonomous Community (Catalan,
Galician and Basque).
Certification is for life.
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
But: The Spanish legislation states: El artículo 441 de la Ley de
Enjuiciamiento Criminal (LECr) establece: “El intérprete [including
translators] será elegido entre los que tengan títulos de tales, si los
hubiere en el pueblo. En su defecto, será nombrado un maestro del
correspondiente idioma, y si tampoco lo hubiere, cualquier persona que
lo sepa.”
None.
ASETRAD: Asociación Española de Traductores e Intérpretes
http://www.asetrad.org/
asetrad@asetrad.org
APTIC: Asociació Profesional de Traductors I Intèrprets de Catalunya
http://www.aptic.cat/
secretaria@aptic.cat
APTIJ: Asociación Profesional de Traductores e Intérpretes Jurados
http://www.aptij.es/
info@aptij.es
ASATI: Asociación Aragonesa de Traductores e Intérpretes
35
http://www.asati.es/
Asociación de Traductores Galegos
http://webs.uvigo.es/webatg/viceversa.html
EIZIE: Asociación de Traductores y Correctores en Lengua Vasca
http://www.eizie.org/es/
bulegoa@eizie.org
XARXA: Red de Traductores e Intérpretes de la Comunidad de
Valencia
http://www.xarxativ.es
AGPTI: Asociación Galega de Profesionais da Traducción e da
Interpretación
APETI: Asociación Profesional Española de Traductores e Intérpretes
ACEtt: Sección Autónoma de Traductores de Libros de la Asociación
Colegial de Escritores de España
Translation company
associations:
Informants:
TRIAC
APTIJC
In 2011 the Agrupación de Centros Especializados en Traducción
changed its name to the Asociación de Empresas Certificadas en
Traducción e Interpretación de España (ACT CALIDAD). It has 24
companies as members.
Alberto Fernández Costales, , Universidad de Oviedo.
Catherine Way, Universidad de Granada.
36
SWEDEN
Population: 9.3 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Swedish
Översättare (Translator), Translator (Authorised translator)
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Translation company
associations:
Informants:
Documents:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 13.81 m.
None
None
None
Not known.
Not known.
Not known.
Translators are authorised by the Swedish Legal, Financial and
Administrative Services Agency (Kammarkollegiet),
(http://www.kammarkollegiet.se/english/authorized-interpreters-andtranslators) on the basis of a translation exam consisting of a legal, an
economic/financial and a general text assessed by two experts. The
exam is held once a year and the pass rate is less than 10%.
Authorisation is renewed every five years based on skills maintained by
work as translator and/or continuing education. The translators may be
required to take a test consisting of a general text.
In 2011 there were about 440-450 authorised public translators with a
total of 480 authorisations for specific language pairs in one direction.
They covered 29 languages to Swedish and 28 from Swedish
(MacArthur).
Translations can be certified by authorised state translators or by public
notaries who have the required language skills.
Federation of Authorised Translators (FAT)
(http://www.aukttranslator.se/eng/advice.asp). About 280 members in
2011.
Sveriges Författarförbund – Översättarsektionen (Swedish Writers’ Union,
Translators’ Section)
(http://www.forfattarforbundet.se/sff/main.nsf/1/80/). Establishes a
standard industry agreement with publishers.
Sveriges Facköversättarförening (Swedish Association of Professional
Translators) (SFÖ), for both technical and specialised translators and for
translation companies (http://www.sfoe.se/eng/pages.aspx?r_id=51411).
They have arranged a liability insurance scheme and refer members to a
designated law firm.
The Sveriges Facköversättarförening is open to translation companies.
Ian MacArthur, Treasurer FAT.
Inga-Beth Hinchliffe, member of SFÖ, Swedish Authors’ Union, Institute of
Translation and Interpreting.
Conditions for Authorization as a Translator – Kammarkollegiet
Results of the 2010 examination
37
SWITZERLAND
Population: 7.7 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
German, French, Italian, Romansh
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of
sworn
translators:
Other
certification
systems:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 12.43 m.
None
None
None
Not known.
Not known.
Not known.
Due to the strong legislative autonomy of the Swiss cantons, the situation
concerning sworn translators varies from region to region. A sworn translator is
required for official legal certification only in the cantons of Geneva and
Neuchâtel. More information can be obtained from www.astj.ch and/or
www.astti.ch
In Geneva and Neuchâtel, it is the cantonal chancelleries that grant the
authorisation. The procedures are documented here:
Geneva:
http://www.ge.ch/traducteurs/modalites.asp
http://www.ge.ch/traducteurs/procedure.asp
Neuchâtel:
http://www.ne.ch/neat/site/jsp/rubrique/rubrique.jsp?StyleType=bleu&CatId=16
29
Not known.
Translator associations
Association suisse des traducteurs, terminologues et interprètes / Swiss
Association of Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters (ASTTI),
www.astti.ch
(It provides legal services and insurance benefits, besides maintaining
databases of members with specific information on specialisations,
skills, qualifications, experience etc.)
Association d’interprètes et de traducteurs (AIT), www.aitge.ch
Association suisse des traducteurs-jurés (ASTJ), www.astj.ch
Dolmetscher- und Übersetzervereinigung (DÜV), www.duev.ch
(It runs its own agency for members.)
Verband Schweizer Gerichtsdolmetscher und -übersetzer / Swiss
Association of Court Interpreters and Translators (juslingua.ch),
www.juslingua.ch
Translation company
associations:
Expert informant:
Verband der Zürcher Gerichtsdolmetscher und -übersetzer (VZGDÜ),
www.vzdgu.ch
Not known.
Gary Massey, Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften.
38
TURKEY
Population: 70.6 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
Turkish
Purchasing power:
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Latent demand: 27.91 m.
None
None
None
Unclear
Not known
In governmental segments they require academic degrees in translation
as well as other language majors when they employ full time translators,
e.g. for the ministry of foreign affairs.
Graduates from philology, literature can also work as translators in these
government offices and projects as translators.
No certification system for sworn translators. Notaries will certify a
translation upon documental proof that the translator who did it has the
necessary skills. FIT cardholders of the Turkish Association of Translation [?]
are [automatically?] authorised.
There is also another practice within some of the public universities (e.g.
Istanbul University) in which the staff of the translation departments within
the university can check and sign translations of their own university’s
students, other professors etc. So in this case, the translation
departments’ staff is assuming authorised status but this is not always
valid outside the university.
Turkish Translator’s Association http://www.tuced.org.tr/
Literary Translators Society http://www.cevbir.org/
Offers legal support; for example as a literary translator if you have a
problem with a publishing house, CEVBIR assists the translator with the
legal action.
Translation company
associations:
Turkish Association of Translation (CEVIRI DERNEGI):
www.ceviridernegi.org
Offers ethics and legal support to its members.
Association of Translation Agencies http://www.cid.org.tr (only in Turkish)
Association of All Translation Agencies http://www.tcid.org.tr/
Expert informants:
Alev Balci, Dokuz Eylül University.
Esra Ozkaya Saltoglu, İstanbul University.
UNITED KINGDOM
Population: 62.0 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
None
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Purchasing power:
Latent demand: 88.79 m.
None
None
None
39
Taxation status:
Census status:
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Maintenance of
certification
Translator associations
“You’re either employed or self-employed” (or unemployed)
“Translator” was listed as a job title in the Census for the first time in 2011.
None.
In practice legal documents (writs, statements) will be accompanied by
a certification stating the qualifications of the translator, but this is not
required.
The Institute of Translation and Interpreting (ITI) qualifies some members
as “Police and Court Interpreter Members” but this has no official
standing with the police or courts.
The Chartered Institute of Linguists, in conjunction with the Metropolitan
Police Service, created a test that led to a public service interpreting
qualification relating to the police service within the UK and which is
recognised by the National Register of Public Service Interpreters (NRPSI).
On 1 April 2011 the National Register of Public Service Interpreters was
detached from the Chartered Institute of Linguists and with effect from
that date it is maintained by an independent new company, but
retaining the name NRPSI.
Interpreters registered in accordance with the above systems may be
required to complete some translation tasks.
The Institute of Linguists Educational Trust (IoLET) Diploma in Translation is
accredited at level 7, but is not a requirement for sworn/authorised
translation. The Institute of Translation and Interpreting (ITI) and the
Chartered Institute of Linguists offer Chartered Linguist status for suitably
qualified and experienced translators but it is not widely taken up.
In 2011, the Ministry of Justice is cited as having contracted the private
company Applied Language Solutions for language services, and
“linguists” are invited to register with the Ministry through the company
(http://www.appliedlanguage.com).
According to the Institute of Linguists
(http://www.iol.org.uk/nrpsi/NRPSIRepWeb0511.pdf), this means that the
commercial supplier of services is now also responsible for recognising
the qualifications of translators and interpreters.
In 2011, Applied Language Solutions argued that registered interpreters
must complete 30 hours of Continued Professional Development per
year in order to stay registered (http://www.linguistlounge.com). This
appears to apply to translators as well.
Institute of Translation and Interpreting (ITI) (www.iti.org.uk). Member of
the FIT. Founded in 1986; “qualified” members require a university degree
in an appropriate field; “associate” membership requires “evidence of
professional interest in translation or interpreting”. In 2007 there were
2,642 members (Wikipedia).
Chartered Institute of Linguists (www.iol.org.uk). Founded in 1910. In 2011
the Translating Division had 2,700 members (website)
Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters (AWTI)
Translators Association of the Society of Authors
(http://www.societyofauthors.org/translators-association). Established in
1958. Membership is based on publications. Represented at FIT and the
CEATL (Conseil Européen des Associations de Traducteurs Littéraires).
National Register of Public Service Interpreters (NRPSI)
National Registers of Communication Professionals working with Deaf
and Deafblind People (NRCPD)
National Union of Professional Interpreters and Translators (NUPIT)
40
Professional Interpreters’ Alliance (PIA)
Society for Public Service Interpreting (SPSI)
Translation company
associations:
Voluntary
certification?
Informants:
Document:
The ITI and CIoL offer a wide range of services, including a free legal
helpline, reduced rate Professional Indemnity Insurance, discounts on
things like hotels and stationery purchases, and (CIoL only) a health
insurance plan.
Not known.
“I do not believe any further certification/accreditation would benefit
translators in the UK. The national culture is not amenable to it, but more
to the point, there is (with some justification) a suspicion of academic vs.
practical training.” (Fraser)
Janet Fraser, University of Westminster, Chartered Institute of Linguists,
Institute of Translation and Interpreting (Admissions Committee,
Fellowship Committee).
Rannheid Sharma, Chartered Institute of Linguists.
Ros Schwartz, Translators’ Association of the Society of Authors, Chair of
English PEN’s Writers in Translation Programme.
Chartered Institute of Linguists. 2011. Provision of interpretation and
translation services across the justice sector. 3 May 2011.
41
UNITED STATES
Population: 312 m.
GDP:
Official languages:
Terms for translators:
Range of fees:
None
Government
translators:
Certification of sworn
translators:
Other certification
systems:
Translator associations
Latent demand: 571.20 m.
Median annual wages of $38,850 in May 2008. (Bureau of Labor
Statistics)
Academic qualifications required:
Professional certification required:
Association membership required:
Taxation status:
Census status:
Purchasing power:
None
None
None
Not known
The Department of Labor recognizes translators (see
http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos175.htm)
No academic qualifications or professional certification required.
None
None
American Translators Association: http://www.atanet.org
American Literary Translators Association: http://www.utdallas.edu/alta
International Medical Interpreters Association: http://www.imiaweb.org
National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators:
http://www.najit.org
American Association of Language Specialists (TAALS)
National Council on Interpreting in Health Care: http://www.ncihc.org
Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf: http://www.rid.org
New England Translators Association (NETA)
Arizona Court Interpreters Association (ACIA)
California Healthcare Interpreting Association (CHIA)
Colorado Association of Professional Interpreters (CAPI)
Iowa Interpreters and Translators Association (IITA)
Nebraska Association for Translators and Interpreters (NATI)
Tennessee Association of Professional Interpreters and Translators (TAPIT)
Austin Area Translators and Interpreters Association (AATIA)
Houston Interpreters and Translators Association (HITA)
Membership of some of the associations give benefits such as legal
services, insurance benefits or healthcare plans.
Translation company
associations:
More are listed in our case study.
The Association of Language Companies (ALC) is “a national trade
association representing businesses that provide translation,
interpretation, localization, and language training services”.
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Expert informant:
Documents:
Jiri Stejskal, PhD, FIT.
Employment by industry, occupation, and percent distribution, 2008 and
projected 2018
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