Bone Growth, Joints and Osteoporosis Review Sheet
Name:
Biology 2
Section 1 Bone growth:
1. Define the following bone cell types:
a. Osteocytes:
b. Osteoblasts:
c. Osteoclasts:
d. Osteogenic stem cells:
2. What is the sequence of bone cell development?
→
→
3. When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down
the damaged bone tissue. Which of the above cell types tears down bone? Choose one
Questions 4-5: Use the following diagram to match the letter with the proper description.
4. The center of an osteon also known as a Haversian canal. Choose one
5. What passes through the center of the canal? Choose one
Section 2 Osteoporosis:
6. What are risk factors for osteoporosis?
a. Unchangeable risks:
b. Lifestyle choices:
7. What 2 materials are bones composed of? What is the purpose of each?
a.
:
b.
:
8. What is happening to the calcium in the bones of a person that has osteoporosis?
9. List 5 foods that contain high levels of calcium:
,
,
,
,
10. Why is milk fortified with vitamin D?
11. If after age 35 you can no longer deposit calcium in your bones, why is it important to continue to
consume calcium?
12. What are three factors that determine whether or not a person falls above or below “the fracture
threshold” for a bone?
,
,
13. Which vitamin and mineral deficiencies influences osteoporosis risk?
14. If the calcium is removed from a bone, what happens to the bone?
Question 15- 16. Refer to the graph below to answer the questions about bone fractures.
15. Which of the letters on the graph above are at risk of a fracture?
16. Why are h, m, s, and b not at risk of fracture even though they are below 500 g of calcium?
Questions 17-18. Use the two diagrams below to answer the questions.
Newborn x-ray
Age 13 x-ray
17. What bones are missing in the line drawing of an x-ray of a newborn girl above?
18. Which letter is pointing to the growth plate or epiphyseal plate in the drawing above? Choose one
19. The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that Choose one
Section 3 Joints:
20. What are the three major types of joints?
,
,
21. Fill out the following table about specific types of synovial joints.
Types of synovial joints
Type of movement
Example
22. In simple terms, a joint (where two or more bones join together) forms the axis (or fulcrum), and the
muscles crossing the joint apply the force to move a weight or resistance. Fill out the following table.
Drawing of Lever
Class of Lever
Example of Joint
Why is this lever
important for this
joint type?
Section 4 Fractures:
23. State the sequence of healing of a bone fracture.
Choose one  Choose one  Choose one  Choose one
24. What is the difference between a compound fracture and simple fracture?
25. Which fracture is the most common in children, whose bones have relatively more collagen in their
matrix and are more flexible than those of adults? Choose one